الفهرس 
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Abstract
Summary
Fluorescence spectroscopy has many advantages making it an appealing choice for low concentrations samples analysis. Fluorometry may achieve limits of detection several orders of magnitude lower than those of most other techniques. This is known as the fluorescence advantage. fluorescence measurements are rapid and inexpensive, Because of the low detection limits, so fluorescence is widely used for quantification of trace constituents of biological and environmental samples.
The study is divided into four chapters:
Chapter one: Introduction and literature review:
This Chapter includes a general introduction on fluorescence spectroscopy and its advantage in modern analytical techniques and its theory about sensing and different types of fluorescent probes. A literature review on the measurement of the activity of different enzymes such as alpha fucosidase and xanthine oxidase in different serum samples of patients of liver diseases and assessment of uric acid in urine and serum samples of patients of liver diseases.
Chapter two
In this chapter, a simple, precise and sensitive method in which a new nano optical sensor binuclear Pt-2-pyrazinecarboxamide (pyc) complex doped in sol gel is used to the early diagnosis of different liver diseases. The idea depends on the assessment of the activity of alpha-l-fucosidase enzyme (AFU) in the serum samples of different liver patients. The nano binuclear Pt-(pyc)2 has strong emission spectrum upon excitation at 360 nm in distilled water. The assessment of alpha-l-fucosidase enzyme (AFU) depends on the quenching of the emission spectrum of the optical sensor at 570 nm in water by the 2-chloro-p-nitrophenol (2CNP) produced from the reaction of AFU enzyme with its substrate 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-α-L-fucopyranoside (CNPF) at 37 OC and pH 5.0 after incubation time 3 min. The remarkable quenching of the luminescence intensity of The nano binuclear Pt-(pyc)2 complex doped in sol gel matrix by various concentrations of the 2-CNP was successfully used as a optical sensor for the assessment of AFU activity. The calibration plot was achieved over the concentration range (1.2 ×10−10 - 5.9 ×10−6) mol L−1 2-CNP with a correlation coefficient of 0.986 and a detection limit of 6.0 ×10−10 mol L−1. The method was used satisfactorily for the assessment of the AFU activity in a number of serum samples collected from various patients and health state, health state (≤ 30 U/mL), Virus B (42.2-69.5 U/mL), Virus C (75.7-98.4 U/mL), Cirrhosis (112-147 U/mL) and HCC (185.2-349.6 U/mL). A significant correlation between the luminescence activity of the enzyme AFU measured by the proposed procedure and the standard methods was applied to patients and controls. The method proceeds without practical artifacts compared to the standard method.
Chapter three
In this chapter, a new highly green luminescent binuclear palladium 2- pyrazinecarboxamide-bipyridine complex [Pd(pyc)(bpy)] was prepared and characterized. The binuclear Pd(pyc)(bpy) complex doped in sol-gel matrix has a strong luminescent intensity at 547 nm with λex =330 nm in water. The binuclear Pd(pyc)(bpy) complex doped in sol gel matrix was used for measuring the activity of the enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO) activity in different serum samples of liver and gout diseases patients. The method based upon the measuring of the luminescence intensity quenching of the optical sensor binuclear Pd(pyc)(bpy) complex at 547 nm by uric acid. The remarkable quenching of the luminescence intensity of the binuclear Pd(pyc)(bpy) doped in sol-gel matrix by various concentrations of uric acid [produced from the reaction of enzyme with the xanthine substrate] was successfully used as an optical sensor for the assessment of XO activity. The calibration plot was achieved over the concentration 3.87 x 10−9 to 1.22 ×10−5 mol L-1uric acid with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 and a detection limit of 1.8 × 10−10 mol L-1. The method was used satisfactorily for the assessment of the XO activity in a number of serum samples collected from various patients of liver and gout diseases.
Chapter Four
In this chapter, simple, rapid, sensitive, accurate and precise spectrofluorometric method was developed for determination of uric acid in serum samples. The method was based upon measuring the quenching of the luminescence intensity of the produced yellow colored complex ion associate of uric acid and optical sensor Tb -pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid [Tb-PDA] complex at 545 nm. The remarkable quenching of the luminescence intensity of the [Tb-PDA] complex by various concentrations of the reagent [uric acid] was successfully used as an optical sensor for the assessment uric acid in different serum samples. All variables that affect fluorescence intensity such as diluting solvents and pH were studied and optimized. The calibration plot was achieved over the concentration 1.4x 10−8 to 5.7 ×10−5 mol L-1 [uric acid] with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 and a detection limit of 2.9 × 10−9 mol L-1. The method was used satisfactorily for the assessment of the uric acid in a number of serum samples collected from some patients of Hypouricemia disease. The method proceeds without practical artifacts compared to the standard method.