الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
One of the basic goals of governments is that all people, whatever their stages of development and social and economic conditions, have the right to an adequate supply of safe drinking water and cooking that must be free of pathogenic organisms such as typhoid
fever, dysentery, cholera, gastroenteritis.
Water quality is the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water that are
suitable for daily use and comply with water standards guidelines.
In Egypt, Nile River is the main source of water resources, where Egypt depends on it nearly more than 90% of its water needs. The Nile River is divided into two branches.
Damietta Branch and Rasheed branch. The city of Alexandria is the second largest
governorate in Egypt in terms of area and population density. It covers an area of thirtytwo
kilometers along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea in the northern part of the Arab
Republic of Egypt. The total population of Alexandria Governorate, according to the
Population Agency at the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics
(CAPMAS), is about 5 million and 230 thousand and 456 people on 2018. The number is
increasing in the summer especially because of its strategic location on the Mediterranean
Sea. Alexandria is an important industrial center as well because it attracts the tourist
destination because of its nature and presence of Mediterranean Sea.
Alexandria suffers from an increase in the population, where many people live on a
small land area, leading to horizontal growth and high-rise residential buildings ,which led
to pressure on infrastructure, especially on the efficiency of water supply system and
distribution networks. Water transportation in the past was one of the most difficult and
time-consuming tasks. Consequently, consumers were forced to install water pumps for
sufficient and adequate water pressure.
Water pumps are mechanical devices used to transfer water from one place to
another as it pulls the water in high flow rate from the main pipe with a special hydraulic
system and then expelled through the output pipe to buildings of high altitudes compared
to the level of the watercourse.
The main objective of this study was to assess the quality of drinking water
produced after the use of water pumps in high-rise residential buildings in Alexandria
Governorate. By assessing the quality of water and determining whether it conforms to the
standards of Egyptian drinking water (DWS), the United States Environmental Protection
Agency (U.S.EPA) standards and the guidelines of World Health Organization(GDWQ).
In accordance with the Drinking Water standard of the Egyptian Ministry of Health
and Population, the physico-chemical (Turbidity, pH , Residual chlorine, Total Dissolved
Solids) and biological analysis (Total Heterotrophic Plate Count,Coliform bacteria (Total
coliform, Faecal coliform), Streptococcus bacteria and Total Algal Count, were carried
out in the laboratories of the Department of Environmental Health at High Institute of
Public Health (HIPH),Alexandria University.
These data were analyzed statistically using the Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Office 2008 programs.
Summary
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The study was conducted on high-rise residential buildings in Alexandria
Governorate. where drinking water samples were collected from ten randomly-selected
building and from each residential building two samples were taken. The first drinking
water sample was taken directly without using water pump and the other sample was taken
from a housing unit using a water pump. The total number of samples were 200 samples,
100 samples collected directly without the use of water pump and other 100 samples were
collected using a water pump.
A questionnaire sheet for personal observations and interviews with owners of these
units was completed to collect information on: the source of drinking water, the type of
water pipe used, the number of individuals residing in the flat and the pump power used.
where units that use roof tanks and the pipes made of cast iron were excluded, the
number of individuals residing in the residential unit was recorded and the average
consumption rate was taken into consideration ,with the registration of the power of the
water pump used in each housing unit.
The results of laboratory and site analysis indicated the following:
1- Turbidity: The results of laboratory tests showed an increase in turbidity values in
samples that use water pump than those samples do not use pump .All results were
complying with National and International standard guidelines ( Egyptian, EPA, an
WHO),except in case of samples collected from flats using old aging pump in building
(10) which exceed the limits of Egyptian an EPA standards but complying with WHO.
There were statistically significant correlation in the turbidity values in samples that do
not use pumps and samples that use pumps. There were also significant statistical
correlation between turbidity values and pump Age.
2- pH: Generally, the results of laboratory analysis showed an increase in pH of samples
collected with water pump than in these samples collected without water pump ,as
pump causes changing in water flow rate which leads to re-suspension of sediments
including hydroxide compounds (iron an aluminum) that cause increasing in pH values
in samples with pump. All Samples without pumps were within Egyptian and EPA
range (6.5-8.5), but the maximum value of samples with pump exceed the allowed
Egyptian and EPA standard maximum level .Also, there were statistically significant
correlation in pH values between both samples not used pumps and samples used
pumps.
3- Total Dissolved Solids: The results of laboratory tests showed an increase in total
dissolved solids values in samples that use water pump than those samples do not use
pump .All results are complying with National and International standard guidelines.
There were statistically significant correlation in the values of the total solids between
both samples that do not use pumps and samples that use pumps. There were also
significant statistical correlation between the total dissolved solids of samples and
pump Age.
4- Residual Chlorine: The results showed a decrease in the residual chlorine in the
samples with using pump than these samples taken without using pump due to
negative pressure generated from pump that cause chlorine gas to be fainted. All the
results of all the samples are below National and International Standards . There were
statistically significant correlation in residual chlorine values between both samples
that do not use pump and samples that used pumps. Total Heterotrophic Plate Count (THPC): The results of laboratory tests showed
elevated levels of THPC in the samples taken with using pumps .The samples obtained
from units that do not use pumps were all complying with the Egyptian standards for
drinking water (458 of 2007)(less than 50CFU/ml ),but these samples collected from
water pump exceeded this level ,where the maximum number of THPC reached 95
bacterial colonies, which is nearly twice the allowed value in the Egyptian Drinking
Water. All the results comply with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (The
maximum number of bacterial total counts is 500 bacterial colonies). There was
statistically significant correlation in the values of THPC between both samples that
did not use pumps and samples that used pumps. There was also statistically
significant correlation between THPC and the pump age.
6- Coliform group (Total coliform bacteria and faecal coliform): The results of
laboratory analyses of total coliform and fecal coliform not detected the drinking water
samples of both housing units without and with using water pumps ,so they comply
with National and International standards guidelines (The samples should be
completely free of coliform group bacteria )
7- Streptococcus feacalis: The results of laboratory tests showed that Streptococcus
feacalis not detected in the drinking water samples of each of the housing units that do
not use the water pump and the housing units that use a water pump and so complying
with the Egyptian standards and also compatible with both EPA and WHO
recommendations (positive results should not be detected).
8- Total Algal Count: The results of microscopic examination to detect total algal count
in drinking water samples of each of the housing units that do not use water pump and
housing units that use the water pump showed that the absence of Algal species in
samples.
Based on the results obtained, the study concluded that the continuous usage of water
pumps changes water quality specially with pump aging that may affect human public
health on long run.
Therefore, the study recommended to change water pump every ten years to prevent
pump body aging that changes the quality of water and to ensure the performance of water
pumps. water generated from pumps is for domestic not for drinking purposes. water
should be boiled before drinking to get rid of any pathogens, lifting water up from pumps
to roof tanks is better than using it directly from the pump. AWCO should provide
consumers with high water pressure. Finally, environmental and health awareness
programs must be implemented through social media, visual and audiovisual media to
spread the health hazards that may result from the continuous usage of pumps in drinking
water over the long term specially with pump aging.