الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 237 |  |  |
| | | from | 237 | | |
Abstract
The first Experiment
The present experiment was designed to investigate the effect of feeding various levels (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10%) of guar meal to replace soybean meal in five dietary treatments in starter (0 -11 d.), grower (12 – 22 d.), and finisher1 (23-35 d.), diets then all chicks fed on finisher2 diet (36- 42 d., 0.0% guar meal), on performance, carcass characteristics, microbial investigation and histological examination. A total number of 180 one day old broiler chicks of Hubbard strain were used for the experiment with 6 chicks per replicate and 6 replicates per treatments. Results indicated that it is possible to add guar meal at inclusion rates of 5% to practical broiler diets as a replacement of soybean meal up to 35 days of age, then feds 0.0% guar meal diets up to 42 days of age, without any adverse effect on productive performance or carcass traits when compared to the control (0.0% guar meal) group.
Results would be summarized as:
1- The chicks fed 7.5% (T3) or 10% (T4) GM during studied period (0- 42 days) reflected the lowest significant (P<0.05) results in both live body weight and body weight gain compared with other treatments (control and T1-2).
2- During the studied period (0 – 42 days) chicks live body weight decreased by about 18% (T3) and 15% (T4) (1923.9 and 1993.9 versus 2320.0 g) compared with the control group.
3- Chicks fed control diets (0.0% GM) gave slightly higher live body weight (2320 g) compared to those fed diets containing lower levels of GM (2.5 or 5.0%), being 2253.1 and 2212.1 g respectively, the differences were statistically not significant.
4- chicks using diets containing GM (T1-4) showed that chicks fed diet containing 2.5% GM supported the highest live body weight and gain than those fed the three other higher levels (5, 7.5 or 10%).
5- The corresponding figures were 2253.1, 2212.1, 1923.9 and 1993.9 g. respectively and some differences failed to be significant compared with those fed control diet.
6- During experimental period (0 - 42 d), the addition of the GM to experimental treatments (T2-4) led chicks to consume insignificantly less feed than control and feed conversion showed the same trend expect for T2 since chicks fed control diet were more efficient in converting their food into gain compared with those fed GM at levels 2.5 (T1), 7.5 (T2) or 10.0% (T4) and the differences failed to be significant.
7- Under the condition of the present study all chicks appeared healthy and the total mortality rate was 5.6% during the total experimental period (0 – 42 d), without any clear differences among treatments. Hence, it seems that the different inclusion rate of GM had no adverse influence on health conditions and mortality rate.
8- Experimental treatments with GM (T1-4) had no significant effect on studied parameters of carcass characteristics compared with control.
9- The corresponding values for carcass percentages ranged between 66.90 and 70.80%, while total edible parts (Hot carcass weight + giblets weight), percentages ranged between 70.89 and 75.00%, respectively.
10- Breast % increased, and wing %, drumstick and thigh % decreased by feeding broiler chicks the lowest level of GM (T1) compared to those fed control diets (0.0% GM) and the chicks fed (T1) diets gave the highest figures of 70.80, 75.00 and 46.47% for carcass, total edible parts and breast percentages, respectively and the differences were insignificant.
11- Broiler chicks fed GM at levels 7.5 or 10.0% showed the lowest figures (67.25 and 66.90%) respectively for dressing percentages and (71.27 and 70.89%) respectively for total edible parts percentages and the differences were insignificant compared with the control group.
The second experiment
The aim of this experiment was to examine effects of inclusion of 5% guar meal in corn-soybean meal broiler diets on growth performance, carcass traits and histological examination. At one day of age, a total number of 180 unsexed broiler chicks (Hubbard) were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments (6 replicates and 6 birds / replicate). Two levels of guar meal (GM) representing 0.0% (control), while in experimental treatments 5% GM was included in starter (P1), grower (P2), and finisher (P3) diets or in P1 only (T2); P2 only (T3); P3 only (T4) diets, respectively.
All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The results of this study indicated that inclusion rate of 5% guar meal in finisher diet (T4) had no negative effects on growth performance (body weight, body weight gain, feed intake and conversation ratio), carcass traits (percentages of carcass, giblets and total edible parts). The trial results allow the conclusion that the inclusion of guar meal in finisher broiler diet up to a level of 5% does not affect the growing performance of broilers without adverse effect on carcass traits.
In conclusion, the addition of (5.0%) guar meal as a partial replacement for soybean meal in broiler finisher diet might be a useful economic strategy for decreasing feed costs and increasing net revenue, economic efficiency and relative economic efficiency. The results of this study suggest that guar meal can be fed to broiler chicks up to 5% in finisher diet without negative effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics.
Results would be summarized as.
1. The worst values of LBW and BWG had been obtained by broiler chicks fed (T1 till T3) diets compared with the other treatments (T4 and control)
2. There were significant differences in (FC) and (FCR) among treatments during overall period (1-35 days of age)
3. Feed consumption per chicken (g) was significantly (P<0.01) decreased by feeding 5% guar meal diets (T1-T4) compared with those fed control diets.
4. The decrease in feed consumption ranged between 6.8 and 10.7%, with significant differences between treatments.
5. The values of FCR indicated significant differences between chickens fed 5% guar meal during finisher experimental period (T4) compared with those fed (control or T1) diets.
6. The best FCR was detected for the chickens fed GM during finisher period (T4, 1.50) and chickens fed control diets (0.0% GM, 1.57). While, the worst FCR were found in chickens fed (T1, 1.69) or T2 and T3 being the same rate (1.61) and in most cases differences were insignificant.
7. Neither inclusion rate (0.0 and 5% GM) nor inclusion period (starter, grower or finisher) adversely influenced mortality rate.
8. Experimental treatments with 5% GM starter, grower or finisher diets (T1-4) had insignificant effects on most studied parameters (carcass %, total edible and inedible parts %) compared with control treatment, except for gizzard, heart and giblets.
9. The corresponding values for carcass % ranged between 65.54 and 66.76%, while total edible parts % ranged between 68.31 and 73.42%.
10. Chickens fed diets (T1) gave the lowest insignificant values for carcass and total edible parts%, while chickens fed control diets reflected the lowest rate for giblets % (3.73), liver % (1.76) heart % (0.48) or gizzard % (1.48) compared with other treatments and the differences were significant in most cases (P≤0.05).
The third experiment
In this experiment six experimental diets were formulated in which control was 0.0 GM in starter, grower, and finisher. In the other four experimental diets GM were incorporated at level of 5% in starter, grower, and finisher without treatment T1. While included T2 5.0 % guar meal (GM) treated with heat (120c for 30 minutes) in starter, grower and finisher diets. T3 diets contained 5.0 % guar meal (GM) fermented with fungi (Trichoderma reesei)
T4 diet contained 5 % guar meal mixed with Hemicell HI is a unique, patented enzyme 300 g / ton which contains 160 million units of β - manannase activity / Kg. T5 diets contained 5.0 % guar meal (GM) mixed with (NDF) sodium diformate 200 g / ton in starter (0-11 days), grower (12-22 days) and finisher (23-35 days) diets..
Total number of 216 one - day old unsexed broiler chicks (Hubbard) were randomly allocated to six treatments of 36 birds in 6 replicates (6 chicks per replicate). Chicks were reared in metal cage batteries under similar conditions of management during the experimental period, till 35 day of age.
Results would be summarized as:
1. There were significant (P < 0.01) differences among groups fed different dietary treatments in LBW. Chicks fed control (0.0% GM), T2 (5% GM + heat), T3 (5% GM + fungi) and T4 (5% GM + B. mannanase) and T5 (5% GM + NDF) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in LBW than those fed T1 (5% GM) which was the lowest in starter period (1 -11 days). Values of different treatments ranged between 1535.67 g and 1847.00 g for T1 (5% GM) and T5 (5% GM + NDF) respectively.
2. There were significant (P < 0.01) differences observed in BWG values between treatments throughout the experimental Periods, whereas, chicks fed control (0.0% GM) diet, T3 (5% GM + fungi), T4 (5% GM + B. mannanase) and T5 (5% GM + NDF) diet, were higher (P < 0.01) than all other treatments. Values of different treatments ranged between 1491.86 g and 1805.13 for T1 (5% GM) and T5 (5% GM + NDF) respectively.
3. Chicks fed control (0.0% GM) diet consumed significantly (P < 0.01) more than all treatments. The values of different treatments ranged between 2532.52 g and 2843.28 g for T1 (5% GM) and control (0.0% GM) diets, respectively.
4. In the period from (1-35 days) of age, values of FCR indicated that there were significant (P < 0.05) differences within treatments which ranged between 1.52 and 1.70 for T5 (5% GM + NDF) and T1 (5% GM) diets, respectively.
5. Chicks fed control diets (0.0% GM) gave slightly higher mortality rate (8.37 %) compared to other treatments while T3 (5% GM + fungi) and T5 (5% GM + NDF) diets were lower.
6. No significant (P > 0.05) differences were observed in carcass weight % values between all groups of chicks, and the average values of (CW %) ranged between 65.03 and 67.01 for T5 (5% GM + NDF) and T4 (5% GM + B. mannanase) diets, respectively.
7. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences in gizzard %, chicks fed T1 (5% GM) recorded higher value than all groups, while values of different treatments ranged between 1.48% and 1.94 for control (0.0% GM) and T1 (5% GM) diets, respectively.
8. The plasma values of total protein showed significant (P < 0.05) differences among groups, where, chicks fed T3 (5% GM + fungi) diets recorded higher (TP %).
9. Plasma AST and ALT values were significantly (P > 0.05) affected by different dietary treatments.