الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
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Abstract
The present work was conducted to study the effect of diets containing different levels from protein with or without oral administration of gum Arabic on rats suffering from chronic renal failure. Two main experimental groups
were established. group 0 (n=% rats) used as a negative control group fed on basal diet (B.D). The other group (n = %5 rats) fed two weeks on diet containing 12 arginine (W/W) to induce renal failure, then this group was divided into seven subgroups (%rats each). The first subgroup fed on diet containing 12
arginine (arginine diet), as a control positive group. Subgroups (1, 1 and %) fed on arginine diets containing 92, 012 and 112 protein, respectively. Subgroups (9, 9 and %) fed on arginine diets containing the above levels of protein and treated daily with (012 gum Arabic w/v) in the drinking water.
Chronic renal failure groups which fed on diets containing different levels from protein (92, 012 and 112) and treated or non-treated daily with (012 Arabic Gum w/v) in the drinking water caused increase in food intake, as compared to +ve group. While feeding group of rats on diet containing 92 protein and treated with Arabic Gum showed non-significant differences in BWG%, as compared to the +ve group.
All treated groups which fed on (diet containing some levels from protein) showed significant decrease p<1.19 in liver weight / body weight % of chronic renal failure groups, as compared to the positive control group. Treating chronic renal failure group with diet containing low level from protein decreased the liver weight / body weight % significantly, as compared to the group which treated with diet containing 112 protein. On the other hand, liver weight / body weight% of chronic renal failure group treated with diet containing 012 protein showed non-significant changes, as compared to the groups which treated with diets containing 9 and 112 protein.
Feeding rats on diet containing 12 (w/w) arginine (11g/kg diet) led to significant increase p<1.19 in kidney weight / body weight %, as compared to healthy rats (1.511 ± 1.010vs. 1.9%01 1.1902), respectively.
Feeding chronic renal failure groups on diet containing different levels from protein (92, 012 and 112) and treated daily with (012 Arabic Gum w/v) in
the drinking water caused a significant decrease p<1.19 in serum cholesterol, as compared to +ve group. The best recorded serum cholesterol decreased 10.%592 than the control +ve group. The highest decrease in triglyceride between all treated groups recorded for the group fed on low protein diet and treated daily with Arabic Gum, followed by the group fed on the medium protein diet 11.9092 and 19.%192, respectively
Serum HDL-c recorded for the group fed on low protein diet and treated daily with (012 Arabic Gum w/v in the drinking water), followed by the group fed on medium protein diet. chronic renal failure group which fed on low protein diet showed the best results in LDL-c, followed by the group fed on medium protein diet. Also the highest decrease in serum VLDL-c between all treated groups recorded for the group fed on low protein diet and treated daily with Arabic Gum, followed by the group fed on the medium protein diet 11.912
and 19.%192, respectively.
The highest decrease in serum uric acid recorded for the group fed on low protein diet and treated with (012 Arabic Gum w/v) in the drinking water. The percent decrease in serum uric acid in this group was 11.5912, comparing with the positive control group.
The best results in serum urea nitrogen recorded for the group fed on low protein diet (92 protein), because this treatment showed significant decrease in this parameter, as compared to other treated groups.
In serum urea nitrogen for the group fed on low protein diet (92
protein), showed significant decrease, as compared to other treated groups and it can be noticed that, feeding rats on diet containing 12 arginine led to significant increase in serum uric acid, urea nitrogen and creatinine, as compared to healthy rats. Feeding chronic renal failure group on diet containing 92 protein and treated daily with Arabic Gum increased serum sodium by about 112, than that of the positive control group.
Feeding chronic renal failure group on diet containing 92 protein and treated daily with Arabic Gum increased serum sodium by about 112, than that of the positive control group. With regard to serum potassium levels, it could be mentioned that, there were significant decreases (P<1.19) in serum potassium levels in all treated groups as a result of feeding on diets containing 92 protein and 012 protein without treatment with Arabic Gum, as compared to the positive control group.
The highest decrease in AST & ALT enzymes recorded for the groups fed on low protein diet and treated them with (012 Arabic Gum w/v) in the drinking water, followed by the group fed on medium protein diet with the same treatment.
The scope of this work stressed upon evaluate the role of supplementation with gum Arabic fiber increased fecal nitrogen excretion and lowered serum urea nitrogen concentrations in CRF rats on a low-protein diet by analyzing, evaluating and comparing with biochemical analysis and histopathology. Acacia gum reduced the need for intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD) in an anuric patient treated with a low-protein diet and fluid restriction.