Search In this Thesis
   Search In this Thesis  
العنوان
Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Some Artocarpus Species
Family Moraceae,Cultivated in EGYPT /
المؤلف
Abd El Atty,HaidySayed,
هيئة الاعداد
باحث / HaidySayedAbd El Atty
مشرف / Abdel Nasser Badawi Singab
مشرف / Kamilia Fouly Taha
تاريخ النشر
2012
عدد الصفحات
213p.:
اللغة
الإنجليزية
الدرجة
ماجستير
التخصص
العلوم الصيدلية
تاريخ الإجازة
1/1/2012
مكان الإجازة
جامعة عين شمس - كلية الصيدلة - عقاقير
الفهرس
Only 14 pages are availabe for public view

from 213

from 213

Abstract

The family Moraceae is commonly known as mulberry or fig family
because of the two largest genera of family which are (Morus and Ficus)
followed by genus Artocarpus. Family Moraceae is a family of about 73
genera and over 1000 species distributed throughout tropical and temperate
regions with several medicinal importance, economically the family is
important for its many edible fruits as figs, morus, bread and jack fruit.
Genus Artocarpus included about 70 species which are native to
parts of southern and south east Asia including A.altilis Fosberg
,A.heterophyllus Lam.
Family Moraceae is rich in flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids and
other compounds including triterpenoids and steroids which reported
antioxidant, antihyperglycemic and antimicrobial activities.
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam had a lot of uses in folk medicine
such as:
In India ,milk juice of the plant alone or mixed with vinegar applied
externally to glandular swellings and abscesses promoting healing, roots
were used for diarrhea, tender leaves and the roots were useful in skin
diseases;seeds used as diuretic .
In China, roasted seeds were regarded as aphrodisiac; jack fruit
leaves alone or mixed with coconut oil to heal ulcers; root extract was
taken in case of fevers and the wood had sedative action upon boiling.Artocarpus altilis Fosberg had a lot of uses in folk medicine such
as:
In folk medicine and daily life uses, it had many uses as leaves used
to treat liver diseases and fevers; flower extract was effective in treating
ear oedema. In Trinidad and the Bahamas a leaf decoction decreased
blood pressure and relieved asthma.
Though many phytochemical constituents and valuable medicinal
uses were reported from different plants belonging to family Moraceae, yet
there have been no reports concerning phytochemical composition of
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam leaves and no much reports concerning
biological activities but for Artocarpus altilis Fosberg leaves there has
been few reports concerning phytochemical composition and biological
activities.
This study was concerned mainly with jack fruit leaves (Artocarpus
heterophyllus Lam) rather than bread fruit (Artocarpus altilis Fosberg )as
after screening of invitro biological activity bread fruit showed less activity
than jack fruit leaves.
The present study is carried out to evaluate biological activities,
identification and isolation of phytochemical constituents.
This study is comprises four chapters:
Chapter (I): Botanical study deals with macromorphology of different
parts of both A.heterophyllus Lam and A.altilis Fosberg and
micromorphology of the leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.Chapter (II): Biological studies deals with antioxidant activity of different
fractions of both A.heterophyllus Lam and A.altilis Fosberg
,antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of 70% ethanol and
n-butanol
Chapter(III): Phytochemical studies embraces the pharmacopeal
constants, preliminary phytochemical screening, determination of total
polyphenols and flavonoids, identification of sugars and the
phytochemical investigation of the biologically active n-butanol extract of
the powdered air dried leaves of A.heterophyllus Lam, in order to isolate
components contribute in that activities as well as structure elucidation of
these components
Chapter (IV): is devoted for the investigation of the lipoidal matter of
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam
Chapter I: Botanical study
1. Macro morphology of different plant parts of Artocarpus
heterophyllus Lam and Artocarpus altilis Fosberg.
Based upon screening of literature .there were differences in
morphological characters between fruits, leaves, flowers and seeds in both
plants.
2. Micromorphology of the leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam
showed some characteristic features as:
a) Two layers of epidermis (upper and lower epidermis) both of them
were covered with thick layer of cuticle containing multiple storage
glands.
b) Lower epidermis contained anomocytic stomata.c) Presence of parenchyma cells containing tannins.
Chapter II: Biological studies
Extraction and chromatographic examination of 70% ethanolic plant
extract:
Air dried powdered leaves (2 Kg) of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam were
exhaustively extracted with 70% ethanol, it was fractionated between
different solvents; their yields were petroleum ether 23%,n-butanol
11%,chloroform 5.8% and ethyl acetate 3.5% respectively ,air dried
powdered leaves (100g) of Artocarpus altilis Fosberg were exhaustively
extracted with 70% ethanol, it was fractionated between different
solvents; their yields were petroleum ether 19.5%,n-butanol
10%,chloroform 5% and ethyl acetate 3.5% respectively,(fig 2,3,materials
p.44)
1. Determination of in vitro biological study of Artocarpus
heterophyllus Lam and Artocarpus altilis Fosberg.
For Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam and Artocarpus altilis Fosberg,
the best fractions exhibited antioxidant activity using DPPH and iron
chelating activity in vitro were 70% ethanol fraction followed by the nbutanol
and water fractions, these fractions had more antioxidant activity
than vitamin E (reference drug). The lowest fractions that showed in vitro
antioxidant activity were the chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions.
Comparison between antioxidant activity of both Artocarpus
heterophyllus Lam and Artocarpus altilis Fosberg by DPPH showed that
all Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam fractions have more antioxidant activity
than all fractions of Artocarpus altilis Fosberg.2. Determination of in vivo biological studies of the leaves of
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.
2.1. Determination of median lethal dose:
The median lethal dose (LD50) calculated for alcoholic extract of
A.heterophyllus Lam was 8g\Kg body weight.
2.2.The antihyperglycemic activity:
The antihyperglycemic activity was done as comparative study
between GLB and JFEE, JFBE. Administration of GLB to STZ diabetic
rats showed significant declines in FBG, %HbA1C and TBARS levels by -
29%, -15% and -16%, respectively (P<0.05) associated with significant
increase in serum insulin level by+26% as compared to STZ-diabetic rats,
while administration of JFEE to STZ-diabetic rats elicited significant
increment in serum insulin by +81%, joined with significant decrement in
FBG, %HbA1C and TBARS levels by -72%, -34% and -26%, respectively,
(P<0.05 ). Administration of JFBE to STZ-diabetic rats elicited lesser
changes than in case of JFEE intake.
2.3.The antihyperlipedemic activity :
The antihyperlipedemic activity was done as comparative study
between GLB and JFEE, JFBE. Administration of GLB to STZ diabetic
rats showed a significant decrease in serum VLDL-C, TG and LDL/HDL
ratio by –21%, -21% and -14%, P<0.05, respectively, as compared to STZdiabetic
rats. The TC, LDL-C significantly declined by -12% and -8%,
respectively, however, HDL-C increased significantly by 7%, P<0.05, as
compared to STZ-diabetic rats. The oral intake of JFEE to STZ-diabetic
rats showed significant decline in serum TC, LDL-C, LDL/HDL ratio,
VLDL-C and TG by -19%, -23%, -39%, -37% and -37%, respectively,P<0.05, as compared to STZ-diabetic rats. The HDL-C elicited significant
increase by +37%, P<0.05, as compared to STZ-rats. The intake of JFBE
to STZ-diabetic rats produced significant decline in serum TC, LDL-C,
VLDL-C, TG and LDL/HDL ratio levels by -14%, -17%, -31%, -31% and
-25%, respectively, P<0.05, however, serum HDL-C level showed
significant increment by +11%, P<0.05, as compared to STZ-diabetic rats .
Chapter III: Phytochemical studies
1. Pharmacopeal constants of A.heterophyllus Lam and A.altilis
Fosberg.
2. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaves of Artocarpus
heterophyllus Lam and Artocarpus altilis Fosberg.
Preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaves of
A.heterophyllus Lam and A.altilis Fosberg indicated the prescence of
carbohydrates and/or glycosides, tannins ,flavonoids and sterols and \or
triterpenes and absence of cardiac glycosides, saponins, anthraquinones,
condensed tannins, alkaloids, resin , coumarins ,steam volatiles and
crystalline sublimate in both Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam and
Artocarpus altilis Fosberg air dried powdered leaves.
3. Quantitive determination of total polyphenols and flavonoids of the
leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam
3.1. Determination of total polyphenols of 70% ethanolic extract
of A.heterophyllus Lam by colorimetric method calculated as gallic
acid The total polyphenols content of the 70% ethanolic extract of
A.heterophyllus Lam was determined from the curve , the gallic acid
equivalent =142 GAE\g.
3.2. Determination of total flavonoids of 70% ethanolic extract
of A.heterophyllus Lam by UV spectroscopy calculated as quercetin
The total flavonoids of the 70% ethanolic extract of A.heterophyllus
Lam were determined from the curve, the total flavonoids calculated as
quercetin =0.0888mg\g .
4. Identification of carbohydrates through hydrolysis indicated the
presence of glucose, galactose, fructose, arabinose, xylose, rhamnose.
5. Phytochemical investigation of n-butanol extract of air dried leaves
of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam
The biological activities of the n-butanol extract of Artocarpus
heterophyllus Lam (jack fruit) leaves were previously investigated
(chapter II).The extract was found to possess significant antioxidant,
antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipedimic activities (in vitro and in
vivo).Therefore, steps were taken to do further in depth phytochemical
study of the n-butanol extract of leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus
Lam(jack fruit).
Isolation of phytochemical constituents from biologically active
extract of the leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.
The column chromatographic investigation of the n-butanol fraction
proceeded as described in this (chapter III) led to the separation of four
fractions. These fractions were further manipulated through column
chromatography for several times leading to the isolation of the individual chemical constituents. Furthermore the isolated constituents were purified
using different chromatographic techniques to give the main
compounds,(fig .17,p.95).
Four compounds identified and isolated for the first time from this
plant namely gallic acid, rutin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol.
Fifth compound apigenin -7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside was not
identified but its aglycone was identified before from leaves of jack fruit.
Chapter IV: Investigation of the lipoidal matter of air dried leaves of
A.heterophyllus Lam
In this chapter,investigation of the lipoidal matter of the air dried
powdered leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam was carried out
including both the saponifiable matter (fame) and the unsaponifiable
matter (usm).
GLC analysis of fatty acid methyl esters of the leaves of Artocarpus
heterophyllus Lam revealed the following results
1. Total identified compounds amounted to 99.40 % of the fatty acid
methyl ester.
2. The total identified saturated fatty acids (65.338%) were found
higher than that of unsaturated fatty acids (34.05%).
3. from table (21); the major components; palmitic acid (45.93%) and
oleic acid (27.22%) followed by stearic acid (16.097%) then in less
quanitymyristic acid (3.3%) and linolenic acid (2.34%).
The fatty acids were not identified before from leaves of Artocarpus
heterophyllus Lam The unsaponifiable matter of the leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus
Lam represented 63.3% of lipoidal matter.
1. The total identified compounds amounted to be 94.522% of
the unsaponifiable matter
2. The total identified hydrocarbons represented 34.72% of the
theunsaponifiable matter
3. The total identified sterols represented 59.695% of the
theunsaponifiable matter
4. Squalene (18%), tetradecane (7.342%) and dodecane (4.731%)
were found to be major hydrocarbons.
5. Ergost-25-ene 3, 5, 6, 12-tetrol (18.22%), ursolic acid
(12.123%) and cyclolaudenol (9.283%) were found to be major
sterols.
6. Compounds: Campsterol, squalene, cyclolaudenol were not
identified before from the leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus
Lam.
7. Ursolic acid was identified and isolated from root bark of
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam .
8. Cycloeucalenol was identified and isolated from Artocarpus
champeden but first time identified from leaves of Artocarpus
heterophyllus Lam.