الفهرس 
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Abstract
Name: Nayira Hassan Abass Mohamed Rady.
Title: ’’Physiological and Genetic Studies on some Wild Plants in Wadi Hagul’’.
Degree: master of Science (Botany, Plant Physiology)
Submitted to: Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, 2019.
Echinops spinosus and Fagonia mollis are two plants where collected from Wadi Hagul, Eastern desert, Egypt during spring and autumn season (2013). According to the results of this study, Echinops spinosus was considered to be more adapted plant to the environmental stress conditions of this region especially during autumn season. Sucrose and proline were more accumulated in F. mollis than E. spinosus plant during this season. Peroxidase, superoxide dismutase enzymes activity and malondialdehyde concentrations were also recorded the highest values in tissues of F. mollis plants which suggested that F. mollis plants were following different strategies to overcome drought and light stresses during autumn season. Furthermore, secondary metabolites content in both investigated plants were represented their maximum values during autumn season and the antioxidant properties of these secondary metabolites were physiologically relevant for the mechanisms of plant responses to stress.
Biological studies have been performed for both plants; E. spinosus and F. mollis extracts and fractions by evaluating the antioxidant activity using DPPH test, antimicrobial activity against different microbial strains and cytotoxic activity against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). The result of these in vitro studies revealed that both plants have antioxidant property, antimicrobial activity and a promising cytotoxic activity against breast cancer cell line. GC/ MS analysis have been performed for E. spinosus methylene chloride fraction and crude extract of F. mollis as well as its methylene chloride fraction based on the least of IC50 value of this extract and fractions that exhibited promising cytotoxic activity against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and its antimicrobial activity against certain microbial strains. The results of GC/ MS analysis revealed that E. spinosus and F. mollis methylene chloride fractions and extracts have predominant phytochemical compounds that have cytotoxic activity. For example, the presence of pentanoic acid, 4-oxo-, butyl ester in E. spinosus methylene chloride fraction also the presence of mome inositol and 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester compounds in F. mollis crude extract as well as the presence of phytol and (-)-loliolide in its methylene chloride fraction.
Genetic studies have been performed for both plants in order to form a genetic data base for E. spinosus and F. mollis through karyotype and DNA barcode analysis. The results of both plants E. spinosus and F. mollis chromosomal number were 2n=18, while DNA barcode revealed that E. spinosus tree was rooted into two main clads and the rbcL phylogenetic analysis showed that E. spinosus was belonging to family Asteraceae and supported to Echinops species. On the other hand, F. mollis tree was rooted into two clads, belonging to family Zygophyllaceae and supported to Fagonia latistipulata (bootstrap support of 93%).
Key Words: Wadi Hagul, Echinops, Fagonia, Environmental stress, Metabolic activities, Antimicrobial activity, Cytotoxic activity, Karyotype, DNA barcode.