الفهرس 
Literature ReviewOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
Abstract
The Nile River is the main source of water for Egypt, the agricultural sector in Egypt plays an important role in the national economy, where The value of agricultural production in 2014 amounted to 282.4 billion pounds, of which 230.5 billion pounds in the old agricultural land, or 81.6% of total value of agricultural production, while the new agricultural land contributed 51.9 billion pounds, or 18.4% of agricultural production. Moreover, the agricultural production, moreover, the agricultural sector is one of the largest sectors of the Labour force, especially in the field of agriculture and land reclamation.
However, the Egyptian economy has been using the agricultural land resources available to meet the population needs since 1800 when the area of agricultural land was about 4 million feddans, increased to about 4.7 million feddans in 1880 at a time when the population was about 6.71 million people, About 8.9 million feddans and the population of about 90 million people in 2015, indicating the apparent imbalance between land and population resources and the deterioration of agricultural land.
In spite of this, the strategy of agricultural development in Egypt until 2030 aims at increasing self-reliance rates in the provision of strategic food commodities from about 48.8%, 51% for wheat and maize in 2011 respectively to about 80.8%, 91.9% for wheat and maize in 2030 Respectively, while agricultural land, which is one of the most important agricultural economic resources in the provision of food, suffers from the problem of providing the needs of water crops due to water resources scarcity.
Agriculture often contributes to domestic food production and to exports in Egypt. As the food problem in Egypt increases over time and resources are limited, food self-sufficiency is increasing. In addition, there are many other challenges that threaten the agricultural sector and food security in Egypt. Climate change and construction projects in the upstream countries of the Nile may have direct impacts on the amount of water, so the agricultural sector may be vulnerable.
Achieving food self-sufficiency in commodities is imperative, requires more effort and time to pursue targeted policies and reduce the impact of the food gap in these crops. At the national level and at the level of the productive unit, agricultural planning aims at distributing the available economic resources so that the optimal use of these resources can be achieved in light of the conditions and possibilities available. This requires studying the agricultural resources and water resources available in Egypt.
Agriculture contributes mostly to local food production and to exports in Egypt. As the food problem in Egypt has been increasing over time and the resources are limited, the food self-sufficiency has also been increasing. In addition many other challenges threaten the agricultural sector and food security in Egypt. The climate change and construction projects in the upstream countries of the Nile River might have direct impacts on water quantity and subsequently might expose the agricultural sector to vulnerability.
Achieving food self-sufficiency in commodities is imperative, and requires more effort and time to pursue targeted policies and reduce the impact of the food gap in these crops. The agricultural planning at the national level and at the level of the productive unit aims at distributing the available economic resources so that the optimum utilization of these resources can be achieved in the light of the available conditions and possibilities. This requires studying the agricultural resources and available water resources in Egypt.
Therefore, the objectives of current study are to investigate the impacts of climate change and construction projects in the upstram countries on Egypt’s agricultural sector and to provide the most suitable adaptation measures. The current study utilized the The Agricultural Sector Model for Egypt (ASME) for predicting the cropping pattern, food self sufficiency and the economic status in Egypt under different conditions including the scenario with adaptation measures.
The current study tested a number of cropping pattern adaptation measures including; maintaing fixed areas of rice and maintaining fixed orchard areas and lentils, maize, onion, tomatoes and vegetables. Other water conservation measures included turning the sugarcane areas to sugar beet cultivation, covering the effective reaches of irrigation canals, land leveling, removal of aquatic weeds, lining and maintenance of irrigation canals, regular inspection and maintenance of drip irrigation systems and turning the sprinkler systems to drip systems in many areas.
The study proved that under the current crop structure, there is no balance between food needs and local production For many crops, which increased the food gap of important strategic crops and increased food imports and thus the deficit in the agricultural trade balance, which will become clearer In light of climate change and limited water and economic resources available in the agricultural sector in general.
The study also proved the vulerability of HAD release, cropping pattern, food self sufficiency and socioeconomy. The adaptation measures increased the total cropped area and promoted all indicators of food security progress. The adaptation measures improved the socioeconomic situation by increasing the agricultural productivity, consumer-producer surplus, and number of jobs so as by decreasing the water marginal value.