الفهرس 
Diabetes Mellitus and its prevalenceOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Type 2 diabetes and obesity are considered global epidemics with worldwide social problems. In addition, they cause an array of disorders as HTN, atherosclerosis and CAD. Women, in particular postmenopausal females, are prone to CAD due to lack of female cardio-protective hormones as well as higher fat content and distribution in comparison to males.
Adipocytes are important endocrine cells, which secrete several hormones, inflammatory markers, and cytokines. These inflammatory markers and cytokines are involved in whole body hemostasis and in turn several metabolic disorders such as T2D, obesity, low grade inflammation, and CAD. Where, AT is seen as a central driver for these metabolic disorders, a lot of efforts have been made to delineate the relationship between obesity, DM and their complications, however it is still far from full comprehension.
Among the huge continuously growing number of discovered adipokines, the CTRP super family has emerged as novel adipocytokines, with important physiological and metabolic roles specifically, CTRP3 and CTRP9. However, their role in postmenopausal females with or without T2D and with or without CAD is still controversial.
Thus, the current study was designed to investigate the levels of both CTRP3 and CTRP9 in postmenopausal females with T2D and their relation between with the pro-inflammatory chemokine MCP-1 due to their possible related and overlapping mechanism in inflammation. In addition, our study investigated the interesting interrelationship between these adipocytokines and hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and inflammation observed in T2D patients.
In order to fulfill these goals, our study was conducted on 86 postmenopausal female subjects divided into the following four groups;
group (I): The control group:
The first group (n = 13) included healthy subjects.
group (II): Patients with CAD:
The second group (n = 29) included obese and overweight subjects suffering from CAD.
group (III): Patients with T2D:
The third group (n = 29) included obese and overweight subjects suffering from T2D.
group (IV): Patients with CAD secondary to T2D:
The fourth group (n = 15) included obese subjects suffering from CAD secondary to T2D.
Biochemical markers for hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia such as; FPG, HbA1c %, insulin, TAG, TC, HDL-C and LDL-C were measured. Also, serum levels of CTRP3, CTRP9 and MCP-1 were also assessed. Then the correlations between these parameters were examined statistically to gain more insight into our results.
Results of the current study can be summarized as follows:
1. Significantly elevated levels of BMI, insulin, HOMA-IR, TAG, TC, LDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C were observed in postmenopausal females with CAD, T2D and CAD secondary to T2D as compared to the control group.
2. Serum CTRP3 levels were significantly higher in both T2D females and females with CAD secondary to T2D when compared to the control group and CAD group. The lowest levels were reported in postmenopausal females with CAD, while, the highest levels were observed in T2D females, followed by those suffering from CAD secondary to T2D.
3. Serum CTRP9 levels were significantly higher in the control group when compared to the studied groups. The lowest levels were reported in postmenopausal females with CAD secondary to T2D, followed by T2D and finally those suffering from CAD only.
4. Serum MCP-1 levels were significantly higher in the studied groups when compared to the control group. The highest levels were reported in postmenopausal females with CAD secondary to T2D, followed by CAD and finally those suffering from T2D only.
5. Serum CTRP3 levels were found to be significantly positively correlated with FPG, HbA1c%, duration of T2D, HOMA-IR, TC and TC/HDL-C while, significantly negatively correlated with age, QUICK-I, HDL-C and CTRP9 (as independent variables). Meanwhile, on conducting multiple linear regression analysis only FPG, HbA1c% and duration of T2D remained significantly associated with CTRP3.
6. Serum levels of CTRP9 were found to be significantly positively correlated with QUICK-I and HDL-C while, significantly negatively correlated with BMI, FPG, HbA1c%, duration of T2D, HOMA-IR, TAG, TC, LDL-C, TC/ HDL-C, HDL-C/LDL-C, CTRP3 and MCP-1 (as independent variables). However, on conducting multiple linear regression analysis only BMI, FPG, duration of T2D and LDL-C remained significantly associated with CTRP9.
7. Serum levels of MCP-1 were significantly positively correlated with; age, BMI, insulin, duration of T2D and HOMA-IR, TAG, TC, LDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C, and while, significantly negatively correlated with age, HDL-C, QUICK-I and CTRP9. In addition, on conducting multiple linear regression analysis only BMI, TC/HDL-C and CTRP3 remained significantly associated with MCP-1.
8. Interestingly, MCP-1 was significantly negatively correlated with both CTRP3 and CTRP9. Proposing that the anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and cardioprotective action of both CTRPs could be due to the inhibition of MCP-1 secretion.