الفهرس 
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Abstract
The rational use of polluted water is one of the most important development axes in different countries, especially those suffering from the scarcity of water associated with industrial development. where the solution lies in a large extent in the treatment of polluted water, especially the polluted water by the heavy elements resulting from some industries such as metallurgy, mining, chemical, tanning, nuclear batteries, agriculture, and others. Heavy metals are one of the most dangerous and most biologically dangerous wastewater effluents.Adsorption is one of the most efficient technologies for the disposal of heavy metals in water. Through the contributions of scientists who provide the most important developments in the field of purification of water from heavy salts, the goal of the thesis is to use materials with a high surface area, which can be modified their surface with organic functional groups have the ability to adsorb those heavy elements at appropriate rates for application in the field of contaminated water.
This thesis provides the preparation of mesoporous silica materials (MCM-41 and SBA-15) with the tunable pore size, high surface area and also high chemical stability, which can be easily modified by organo-amino-silane moieties and then linked the terminal amino groups with polyvinylpyrrolidoneto form polymer-silica nanocomposite, which is more efficient in heavy metals removal than its counterparts (virgin MCM-41 or SBA-15) in the adsorption of heavy metals such as lead, copper and nickel.
In addition, the efficiency of the prepared materials was linked to the chemical structure, and physical properties of polymer-silica nanocomposite and the maximum adsorption capacity was compared with other materials of its family or in another family in tables.The key parameters addressed to adsorb heavy metals onto an adsorbent (MCM-41, NH2-MCM-41, SBA-15, NH2-SBA-15 and polymer-silica nanocompositebased MCM-41 and SBA-15 are pHs, temperature, the concentration of the solute and adsorbent, and the surface areaavailable on the surface of the adsorbent. Particular emphasis has been placed on its wider application to a real water sample in wastewater treatment.
The first chapter describes the problem and the reasons for its appearance and then is exposed to the proposed solutions using different techniques. The latest findings of the scientists in the heavy elements disposal field were presented using some nanomaterials such as active carbon, graphene and inorganic materials containing magnetic iron oxide. The preparation methods of mesoporous silica (M41S family), the possibility of modifying their surface with various organic groups and their ability to adsorb different heavy metals are also presented. Then compare the different types of mesoporous silica in terms of the morphology of the pore and the ability of the soluble heavy metals to penetrate within the pores. And also comparisons between different materials are arranged in the form of tables.
Chapter 2 records the chemicals used in the preparation and describes also the methods of materials preparation used in the study and the instrumentsutilized in the evaluation of the prepared materials and their theory of work. It also included the isotherm equations (Langmuir and Freundlich), that were used to determine the maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbents, kinetics and thermodynamic equations.
Chapter 3 is the most important chapter of this thesis, where all figures or charts obtained from the evaluation tools are explained and discusses.In addition, the results obtained using SPVP-MCM-41 and
SPVP-SBA-15 for adsorption of Pb2+ Cu2+ and Ni2+ ions, the following remarks can be made:
1. The adsorbent has an affinity for metal ions in single metal solutions following the order: Pb2+> Cu2+> Ni2+ ions.
2. The adsorbent showed very high sensitivity for all metal ions in dilute solutions (i.e., 10 ppm).
3. The results showed that the optimum conditions for the removal of heavy metals from the wastewater were (60 minutes, 1 g adsorbent for each liter of water, 100 mg/L of initial metal concentration, and
pH of 5).
4. The optimum conditions of the reaction was applied to various initial metal ion concentrations from 10 to 200 mg/L to study the adsorption isotherm and the reaction was found to be followed the Langmuir model.
5. The study of the adsorption kinetic of Pb2+, Cu2+, Ni2+ ions on SPVP-SBA-15 and SPVP-MCM-41 has revealed that the reaction follows a Pseudo first order equation.
6. Studying the thermodynamic parameters were performed which showed that the reaction was endothermic in nature and spontaneous.
7. The SPVP–SBA-15 adsorbent was applied to the real waste water sample and the adsorption results of some heavy metals have been acceptable.