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العنوان
Preparation of Polymeric Materials by the Use of γ-rays for Some Environmental Applications/
المؤلف
FARAG, MERAL HOSNY ABD ELGAWAD.
هيئة الاعداد
باحث / MERAL HOSNY ABD ELGAWAD FARAG
مشرف / El-Sayed A. Soliman
مشرف / El-Sayed A. Hegazy
مشرف / Hanaa K. Mohamed
تاريخ النشر
2018.
عدد الصفحات
269 p. :
اللغة
الإنجليزية
الدرجة
الدكتوراه
التخصص
الكيمياء
تاريخ الإجازة
1/1/2018
مكان الإجازة
جامعة عين شمس - كلية العلوم - الكيمياء
الفهرس
Only 14 pages are availabe for public view

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Abstract

Radiation-induced grafting of Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) as a monomer onto Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) films was carried out to introduce functional groups in to LDPE. Subsequent, chemical treatment of the epoxy groups was carried out using different chemical reagents as Diethylamine (DEA), Hydroxylamine (HA) and Phosphoric acid (H3PO4). The effect of different factors on the grafting yield was investigated. It was found that the suitable monomer concentration is 15(%), and the irradiation dose is 20 kGy in the most suitable solvent (1,4-Dioxane) at room temperature. Opining epoxy of the grafted chains was achieved successfully by chemical modification with Diethylamine (DEA), Hydroxylamine (HA) and Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) introduced new functional groups as amino group, amidoxime and phosphonic acid groups.
LDPE-g-PGMA films were converted from hydrophobic to hydrophilic after such treatments and can be use as ion exchangers. These prepared films were confirmed and characterized by FTIR, SEM, XRD, TGA and DSC analysis. Some properties such as hydrophilicity and crystallinity were investigated before and after treatment. The grafted-treated films were tested for possible use in practical applications. The removal of malachite green (MG) as a model for cationic dye, phenol, toxic heavy metals and BOD5 & COD from real industrial wastewater such as:
El-wadi El-gedeed, Abo Zaabal and Borg El-Arab fields. The adsorption of MG and phenol on the adsorbents confirmed by FTIR-spectra and SEM microscope.
The main results obtained in this work can be summarized in the following:-
1- FTIR analysis is performed for the blank, grafted and grafted-treated films to confirm the formation of graft copolymer and to investigate the effect of the chemical treatment on their structures.
2- The X-ray diffraction (XRD) for ungrafted and grafted LDPE films showed that the crystallinity decreased as the degree of grafting increased due to the dilution in the crystallinity as a result of grafting and new diffraction peaks were appeared due to the chemical treatments.
3- The study of thermal properties of the grafted membranes showed that, they have good thermal stability suitable for practical applications.
4- The introduction of ionizable groups into the graft copolymer by chemical treatment improved its swelling property compared to untreated ones and these properties depend mainly on the number of formed ionizable groups.
5- The batch method was used as a technique for the adsorption of MG dye and phenol on the prepared adsorbents and various factors that affect the adsorption process such as: initial concentration, pH, contact time and temperature were studied.
6- LDPE-g-PGMA treated with phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is the most efficient adsorbent for removal of MG dye and the removal percentage was 98(%) where the initial dye concentration was 40ppm at 40oC and pH 5.8. The contact time was 120 minutes at which the saturation occurred.
7- The removal of phenol from its liquid waste by the prepared adsorbents was studied ti find that the most suitable adsorbent was LDPE-g-PGMA and treated with hydroxylamine (HA) and the removal percentage was 94(%) when the initial concentration was 200ppm at 40oC, pH 6.2 and contact time 120 minutes.
8- The adsorption of MG dye and phenol on the prepared adsorbents was confirmed by FTIR-spectra and SEM microscope.
9- Isotherm studies were examined to find that the adsorption of MG dye and phenol follows Freundlich isotherm and kinetic studies showed that the adsorption of MG and phenol follows pseudo-second order kinetic model.
10- Kf and nf are constants incorporating the factors affecting the adsorption capacity and intensity of adsorption. It was found that the calculated Kf and nf for MG adsorption onto the grafted treated films were in the order H3PO4> HA> DEA.
11- It was found that the calculated Kf and nf for phenol adsorption onto the grafted treated films were in the order HA> H3PO4> DEA. High value of (n) indicate high affinity between adsorbate and the adsorbent and this also an indications of chemisorption. The high value of (Correlation Coefficient) R2 indicate best fit adsorption.
12- The effect of temperature on the adsorption process was investigated at 323,313,303K and the thermodynamic parameters such as change in enthalpy ΔH kj/mol and the free energy ΔG kj/mol were determined for the adsorption process.
13- Thermodynamic study show that the negative value of ΔG indicate the high favorable and spontaneous in nature of adsrption and the negative value of ΔH indicate that MG dye and phenol adsorption is exothermic in nature.
14- It is also recommended that such prepared membranes could be useful in removal of cationic dyes.
15- For the purpose in this thesis of wastewater treatment by the grafted and chemically treated membranes were selected.
16- The removal percentage of different toxic heavy metals was investigated by the use of Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometer (ICP).
17- It was found that, the prepared membranes have great affinity towards most of these metal ions. The removal (%) was from 95-100(%) for Ba, Ca, Cd, Cu, Co, Mn, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cr, Sr, V, Tl and Ag.
18- The amount of metal ions adsorbed by such membranes is influenced not only by the physical properties and molecular size of the metals investigated but also on the functional groups of the grafted side chains.
19- Biologica Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) are present in dyeing wastewater. The removal (%) of BOD5 was investigated real industrial wastewater from Borg El-Arab field by grafted-treated films with DEA, HA or H3PO4 to reach 94.7, 94 and 93(%), respectively. The maxim concentration of BOD5 was removed from 681 ppm into 35.8ppm, 40.5 ppm and 44.11 ppm, respectively.20- The removal (%) of COD was investigated by chemical method from Borg El-Arab wastewater field by grafted-treated films with DEA, HA or H3PO4 to reach 50, 52 and 55.7(%), respectively. The maxim concentration of BOD5 was removed from 2080ppm into 1040ppm, 1000ppm and 920ppm, respectively.
This study showed that the prepared films possessed good properties of great interest in some practical uses such as in the field of wastewater treatment.