الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study aimed to: 1. Explore whether the 4 plant-mixture (Arctium lappa, Rumex acetosella, Ulmus fulva, and Rheum palmatum) and N-Butyl pyridoquinoxa- line 1, 4-dioxide (NBPQD) have anti-leukemic effects.2. Unravel the molecular mechanisms through which this plant mixture and NBPQD could exert their effects; specifically to explore whether sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1PR1) and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-5 (S1PR5) are involved in these mechanisms.To examine whether the 4-plant mixture (U. rubra, A. lappa, R. acetosella, and R. palmatum) extract can alleviate leukemia, rats were treated with DMBA biweekly for 6 weeks followed by treatment with the plant mixture extract as a drink for 2 weeks. After the application of plant mixture extract on the DMBA-treated rats, there was no significant difference in the weight gain between “plants after DMBA” rat subgroup and the “carrier” group. This indicates weight recovery in the leukemic rats treated with the plant mixture. After the application of plant mixture extract on the leukemic (DMBA-treated) rats, there was no significant difference in the total WBC count between the “plants after DMBA” rat subgroup and the “carrier” group, indicating restoration of the normal total WBC count in the leukemic rats treated with plant mixture extract. Several additional comparisons showed that application of NBPQD on leukemic rats restored the normal weight gain, normal total count of WBCs, the normal count of lymphocytes, and caused an significant increase in the percentage of neutrophils and a significant reduction in the number of blasts. However, there was no significant difference in the percentage of monocytes, eosinophils or basophils because of the normally low perecentage of these cells in the blood.