الفهرس 
STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS
LITERATURE REVIEW AND PREVIOUS WORKOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Wadi El-Natrun area lies in the northeastern region of the Western
Desert to the west of the Nile Delta. Wadi El-Natrun is a narrow
depression 23 m below sea level, Wadi El-Natrun area is regarded as an
extremely arid region of Egypt, long dry summer and a cold winter with
little rain and daily evaporation rate are high.
The main aims of the present study are assessing of the quality of
groundwater aquifer at Wadi El-Natrun area integrating remote sensing
(RS) technology and geographical information systems (GIS) as effective
tools for monitoring environmental change and the impacts of this change
on the quality of groundwater and water resources.
The topographical characteristics of the Wadi El-Natrun area were
determined by the use of the SRTM DEM with an accuracy of
approximately 90 m as a GIS tool, morphometric parameters (linear aspect
(La) the Areal aspects (Aa) and Relief Aspects (Ra)) of main basins at
Wadi El-Natrun were detected, geological and morphological maps of
Wadi El-Natrun were updated.
Integrate between (RS) and (GIS) was used to detect the
reclamation processes occurred during the pried 1984, 2003 and 2016. The
remote sensing images of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) of 1984, 2003
and Centennial two of 2016 have been used. Land cover/land use and
change detection maps were prepared, which indicate the rapid change in the Wadi El-Natrun area and the heavy increase of the agricultural patch
and urban expansion in Wadi El-Natrun area.
Water samples were collected from 60 wells from Wadi El-Natrun
area and subject to different analysis to detect physical and chemical
parameters, physical parameters including temperature, total dissolved
solids, pH and electrical conductivity, chemical parameters including,
major cations Calcium (Ca2+ ), Magnesium (Mg2+), Sodium (Na+),
Potassium (K+), major anions Bicarbonate (HCO3
-), Carbonate (CO3
2-),
Chloride (Cl-) and Sulfate (SO4
2-), Nutrients (NH4
+, NO3
- ,PO4
3-) and
some trace elements (Fe , Mn, Cu, Co, Ni ,Cr ,Cd ,Pb, As). These results
were subjected to statistical reviews to make sure the measurement is
accurate. These parameters are correlated with the groundwater situation
and character in each part of the studied area by Extraction of distribution
maps of groundwater quality.
(Gibbs1970) Diagram was used to determine the mechanism of
adding positive and negative ions to groundwater. It was found to be mixed
controlling mechanism rock-water interaction and evaporation.
(Piper1944) and (Chadha’s 1999) diagrams were used to detect
groundwater type at Wadi El-Natrun, in addition, classification by
Hierarchical cluster analysis method Ward (1963) although used, it was
found that water in Wadi El-Natrun area (sodium-chloride) and type
(sodium-sulfate). Assess the groundwater of Wadi El-Natrun for different uses such
as drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes and livestock & poultry
drinking.
For drinking water compared the result of water analysis to (WHO,
Nitrate pollution index (NPI), Toxic Metal, Water Quality Index (WQI))
which classified as %30good and 70% from poor to very poor and
unsuitable.
For drinking irrigation compared the result of water analysis to
Water salinity and alkalinity, Sodium percentage (Na %), Sodium
adsorption ratio (SAR) SAR can be classified used Wilcox diagram,
Residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Percent magnesium (%Mg),
Permeability Index (PI), Kelly index (KI). Chloride content (Cl-), which
indicate water unsuitable for irrigation and can be used for irrigating
specific crops resist the saline water with high permeable soil.
For domestic purpose compared the result of water analysis to (total
dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH) and corrosively ratio (CR)
which indicate this groundwater can’t be used for domestic purpose.
For livestock and poultry drinking, indicate a lot of wells not
suitable for poultry and fit for livestock, taking into account the special
conditions such as what the kind of livestock, age, sex, pregnancy, the
intensity of work performed by animals.