الفهرس 
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Abstract
Six medicinal plants collected from the Egyptian desert were tested for their antifungal activity against six human pathogenic fungal species using different solvents and also the main bioactive components of the most potent extract, and studying mode of action for the most active plant extract, hoping to apply these extracts as a natural source for therapeutic application.
The plants (Atriplex halimus L., Alhagi maurorum Medic, Brassica tournefortii Gouan, Nicotiana glauca R. C. Graham, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. and Pegnaum harmala L.) were collected from Egyptian desert, and human pathogenic fungal species were obtained from Ain Shams Specialized Hospital.Also, analyzing
Ethanolic extracts of pegnaum harmala L. showed the maximum inhibitory effect. The most sensitive species was Trichosporon sp. by inhibition zone diameter (26 mm), followed by Aspergillus fumigatus , A. versicolor (25 mm) , Candida albicans (23 mm) and A. flavus (20 mm) . While C. tropicalis was the most resistant species with inhibition zone diameter of 13 mm. While no inhibition was recorded using water extracts.
Petroleum ether extracts of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L., Nicotiana glauca R. C. Graham, Peganum harmala L., Atriplex halimus L. and Brassica tournefortii Gouan were the most active extracts compared with chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts and also with crude ethanolic extracts except in case of Alhagi maurorum Medic where ethyl acetate extract was the most active extract of.
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. demonstrated the highest antifungal activity. Trichosporon was the most sensitive species followed by Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and finally Aspergillus versicolor
The majority of combinations between plant extracts and fluconazole showed highly synergistic effect. There were a noticeable synergistic effect observed between the petroleum ether extract of Brassica tournefortii Gouan and Atriplex halimus L. against C. albicans and C. tropicalis
Candida albicans, C. tropicalis and Trichosporon sp. were sensitive to the petroleum ether extract of M. crystallinum L. with MIC value of 0.195 mg/ml. On the other hand A. fumigatus was sensitive with the least fungal species with MIC value of 1.56 mg/ml.
Yeast fungal species were killed by lower MFC values (ranged from 0.39 to 3.125) mg/ml compared to filamentous fungal specie (ranged from 3.12 to 12.5)
The effect of sub-inhibitory concentration of petroleum ether extract of M. crystallinum L. on ergosterol as a vital content of fungal cells revealed a decrease in ergosterol content of the all tested species. Concerning yeast, the greatest decrease in ergosterol percentage was recorded with C. albicans (67.3%), while for filamentous fungal strains the greatest decrease was recorded with A. versicolor (68.3%).
Treatment of tested species with sub-inhibitory concentration of the petroleum ether extract of M. crystallinum L. leaded to a noticeable increase in ROS in the filamentous strains and yeast strain compared to the control.
The petroleum ether extract of M. crystallinum L. was able to induce leakage of the intracellular molecules (nucleic acids and proteins) of the tested fungal cells.
There was massive changes in C. albicans and A. fumigatus cell morphology ( thickness, roughness and production of hyphae) due to treatment with sub-inhibitory and sub-leatheal concentrations of petrolum ether extract of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. which was observed using light and atomic force microscope,
The cytotoxic activities of petroleum ether extract of M. crystallinum L. were analyzed on the human hepatocyte cell line HepaRG cells and showed IC50 at a concentration of 155900 𝜇g/ml.
The chemical constituent of petroleum ether extracts, which was the most active extracts, from five of the tested desert plants (Atriplex halimus L., Nicotiana glauca R. C. Graham, Brassica tournefortii Gouan, Pegnaum harmala L., M. crystallinum L.) were analyzes using Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique and the results showed that:
1- The main compounds of petroleum ether extract of M. crystallinum L. were 2-Ethyl-1,3-dimethyl benzene (19.54%), Azulene, while the petroleum ether extract of Nicotina glauca R. C. Graham was mainly contain dodecane (10.8%), 1-Ethyl-2,3-dimethyl benzene(10.19%).
2- The major constituents obtained from the petroleum ether extract of Peganaum harmala L. were 1,2,3,4-tetramethyl benzene (20.75%), 1-Hexyl naphthalene (12.16%), 2,3,4,7-tetrahydro-1HIndene (8.05%). On the other hand, the main constituents obtained from the petroleum ether extract of Atriplex were 1,3-dimethyl naphthalene (7.96%), 2,3,6-Trimethyl naphthalene (7.38%).
3- N-(1-butylpentylidene ethylamine (30.93%), Tetradecane (19.96%) and Nonacosane (7.76%) were the major compounds of B. tournefortii Gouan
4- Flavonoids compounds in the ethyl acetate extract A. maurorum Medic were detected using chromatographic analysis, while the phenolic compounds were recognized using HPLC and identified as coumarin, quercetin and kaempferol and two unknown compound.
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