الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
Abstract
This study was carried out during 2011, 2012 and 2013 for producing vegetable sprouts and vegetable crops using different growing media in wooden plot. The wooden plot located in the kitchen experimental farm module in the vegetables experimental farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, to develop a rapid and simple method that could be used in homes or developed for commercial production of sprouts with increased emphasis on the nutritive value of foods and especially the so-called fresh natural foods, this study was also designed to determine the nutritive value of turnip, radish and onion sprouts produced in four growing media. Green sprouts could be of value as a fresh low cost vegetable grown in the kitchen garden in any seasons and could contribute vitamins and other nutrients to the diet. The second purpose to produce vegetable crops in four growing media in the winter season (Turnip, red radish and green onion) and followed by jews mallow and snap bean crop in the summer season and determine the nutritional value of plants. And also, to increase the flat green urban areas of the dampening impact on the climate and reduce air temperatures.
The study includes three parts with the following obtained summary results:
Part one: Vegetables sprout production
For the production of green sprouts of turnip, red radish and onion, 1 m2 wooden plot filled with different growing media was used. To study the effect of growing media on the green sprouts of turnip, red radish and onion, separate experiments with four growing media (treatments) were adopts (Clay, clay + vermiculate 1:1 v/v +10% compost, sand + vermiculate 1:1 v/v + 10% compost and peatmose + vermiculate 1:1 v/v). The experiment was set in completely randomized block design with three replicates. Sprouts were harvested at fully expanded green cotyledons stage (7 days for turnip and 8 days for red radish from seed sowing, while onion bud sprouts were harvested 3 weeks after sets sowing). The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
A. Turnip sprouts
1. Turnip sprouts grown in peatmoss + vermiculite medium showed the longest hypocotyle length, while clay medium recoded the best cotyledon dimensions; sprout fresh weight and fresh yield of sprouts per m2 and per unit volume of seeds (1.0g) of turnip seeds sprouts.
2. The turnip sprouts produced in clay medium presented marked increase in the content of protein, energy Kcal/g protein, phenols, flavonoids, flavon, free amino acids, indoles, nitrogen, potassium and calcium on a dry weight basis as compared to other media. On the contrary, the content of lipid in turnip sprouts decreased in clay medium.
3. Turnip sprouts produced in clay mixture medium had a higher content of carbohydrates, energy Kcal/g carbohydrates and vitamin C than sprouts produced in other media.
4. Turnip sprouts produced in sand mixture medium gave a higher content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotonoids, total energy, sodium, iron and magnesium than sprouts produced in other media.
5. The content of energy Kcal/g lipids, total sugars, total soluble sugars and anthocyanin in turnip sprouts recorded the higher value in sprouts produced in peatmoss + vermiculite medium.
B. Red radish sprouts
1. Peatmoss + vermiculite medium recorded the higher cotyledon dimension, sprout fresh weight and fresh yield for red radish sprouts per m2 and per unit volume of seeds.
2. The content of chlorophyll a , total chlorophyll, ash , energy Kcal/g protein, nitrogen, sodium and magnesium increased in red radish sprouts grown in sand mixture medium as compared to other media
3. The red radish sprouts grown in clay medium presented marked increase in the content of chlorophyll b and protein. On the other hand, the percentage of lipid decreased in sprouts grown in clay medium compared with other media.
4. Red radish sprouts grown in clay mixture medium gave the higher content of carotonoids, carbohydrates, total energy, energy Kcal / g carbohydrates, energy Kcal/g lipids, anthocyanin, vitamin C, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and iron as compared to other media.
5. The content of total sugars , total soluble sugars, phenols, flavonoids , flavon , free amino acids and indoles recorded the higher values in red radish sprouts grown in peatmoss + vermiculite medium on a dry weight basis.
C. Onion bud sprouts
1. Onion bud sprout length, green top, white base length, white base diameter, number of leaves, fresh weight (g) and fresh yield weight (kg/m2 and g/kg of bulbs) significantly increased in sprouts grown in peatmoss + vermiculite medium as compared to other media.
2. Onion bud sprouts for 3 weeks old showed the highest value of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, phenols, flavon and sodium were obtained in sand mixture medium compared with other media.
3. The content of protein, fiber, energy Kcal/g protein, total sugars, free amino acids, nitrogen and magnesium showed the highest value in onion bud sprouts grown in clay mixture medium on a dry weight basis compared with other media.
4. The higher value of carbohydrates, total energy, energy Kcal/g carbohydrates, energy Kcal/g lipid, flavonoids, anthocyanin and potassium recorded in onion sprouts grown in peatmoss + vermiculite medium as compared to other media.
5. Onion bud sprouts grown in clay medium had a higher content of carotonoids, ash, vitamin C and iron as compared to other media. On the contrary, the percentage of lipid in onion sprouts declined in clay medium on a dry weight basis.
The clay mixture medium can be recommended for producing turnip and red radish sprouts or clay medium alone. However, the harvested seed sprouts from peatmoss medium showed peat residues between sprouts radical with difficulty to remove and clean the sprouts. Therefore, the clay mixture medium can be recommended for producing turnip and red radish sprouts at cotyledon stage using seedling rate at 30 g/m2 for turnip and 60 g/m2 for red radish. On the contrary, peatmoss + vermiculite medium can be recommended for producing onion bud sprouts for 3 weeks.
Part two: Turnip, red radish and green onion crop production in the winter season.
To product turnip and red radish crops 2 m2 wooden plot filled with different growing media was used, while green onion production in 1 m2 wooden plot. Each wooden plot was filled with each medium under investigation. To study the effect of growing media on turnip, red radish and onion crops, separate experiments with four growing media (treatments) (Clay, clay + vermiculate 1:1 v/v +10% compost, sand + vermiculate 1:1 v/v + 10% compost and peatmose + vermiculate 1:1 v/v). Turnip, red radish and green onion plants were randomly taken from each plot at three growth stages (45, 60 and 75 days from planting).The experiment was set in completely randomized block design with three replicates. The followings were concluded:
A. Turnip crop:
1. Peatmoss + vermiculate medium recorded significant effect on turnip plant growth and yield characters at three growth stages 45, 60 and 75 days from sowing.
2. Turnip plants grown in different growing media recorded lower heat refraction for plants and growing media than the air temperature at all growth stages.
3. Clay mixture medium gave the highest value of chlorophyll (a), chlorophyll (b), total chlorophyll and carotonoids content in the leaves of turnip plant on a fresh weight basis after 45 days from sowing.
4. Chlorophyll (a), total chlorophyll and carotonoids after 60 days from turnip seeds sowing recorded the best value in the leaves of turnip plants grown in clay mixture medium, while chlorophyll (b) appeared the highest value in clay medium.
5. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content gave the best values in the leaves of turnip plant produced in clay mixture medium, after 75 days from turnip seeds sowing. On the contrary, carotonoids content showed the highest value in the leaves produced in sand mixture medium.
6. Total carbohydrates, vitamin C and potassium content in the leaves of turnip plant caused remarkable increase in leaves produced in clay medium (32.63%, 3.69 mg/g and 5.35%, respectively)
7. Clay + vermiculate + 10% compost medium recorded the best content of protein , lipid, fiber, energy, total sugars, total soluble sugars, indoles, nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and iron (15%,5.67%,13.38%, 235.6 k cal/g ,21.94%, 8.25%, 11.81 mg/g, 2.40%, 1.96%, 0.98% and 1.67%, respectively) in the leaves of turnip plant.
8. The marked increase in total phenols (16.41 mg/g), flavonoids (4.01 mg/g), flavon (12.40 mg/g), phosphorus (0.17 %) and sodium (2.13 %) was observed in the turnip plant leaves produced in sand mixture medium.
9. Peatmoss + vermiculite medium significantly increased the content of moisture , ash , free amino acids and anthocyanin (10.10 %, 32.70 %, 55.36 mg/g and 1.43 mg/100g, respectively ) in the leaves of turnip plant
10. The content of fiber, total sugars, soluble sugars, flavonoids, vitamin C and anthocyanin in roots of turnip plant recorded the highest value in clay medium (19.32%, 36.16%, 16.84%, 1.40 mg/g , 1.61 mg/g and 2.29 mg/100g, respectively)
11. Clay mixture medium recorded the best values of moisture (7.49%), protein (10.84%), ash (29.65%) and nitrogen (1.73%) in the roots of turnip plant as compared to other media.
12. The content of carbohydrates, indoles, potassium, calcium, magnesium and iron in roots of turnip plant significantly increased in sand mixture medium (35.55%, 10.08 mg/g, 4.94%, 0.40%,1.24% and 2.59%, respectively) on a dry weight basis compared with other media.
13. Roots of turnip plant produced in peatmoss + vermiculate medium showed the highest value of lipid (4.13%), energy (212.4 k cal/g), total phenols (11.74 mg/g), flavon (10.56 mg/g),free amino acids (21.30 mg/g),phosphorus (1.13 %) and sodium (2.30%) as compared to other growing media.
B. Red radish crop:
1. The best plant growth and yield characters significantly increased in red radish plants produced in peatmoss + vermiculate medium at three growth stages 45, 60 and 75 days from sowing.
2. Growing media showed the best effective in reducing heat refraction for red radish plants and growing media compared with air temperature at all growth stages.
3. Clay mixture medium and followed in descending order by the leaves red radish plant produced in clay medium gave the best values of chlorophyll (a), chlorophyll (b) and total chlorophyll content on a fresh weight basis after 45 and 60 days from sowing as compared to other media. Carotonoids content appeared the best value in leaves of red radish plants produced in clay medium.
4. After 75 days from red radish seeds sowing, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotonoids content increased in the leaves of red radish plant produced in clay mixture medium, on a fresh weight basis.
5. The higher content of protein, total phenols, flavon , free amino acids, nitrogen and phosphorus was obtained in the leaves of red radish plant produced in clay medium (15%,17.31 mg/g, 14.53 mg/g 58.27 mg/g, 2.40 % and0.18 % , respectively).
6. Leaves of red radish plant produced in clay mixture medium recorded the highest value of moisture, carbohydrates, fiber, total sugars and total soluble sugars (6.26%, 52.98%, 25.57%, 34.10 % and 8.53 %, respectively) on a dry weight basis.
7. The content of lipid ,carbohydrates ,total energy ,flavonoids and indoles content in the leaves of red radish plant was enhanced in plants produced in sand mixture medium (4.33% ,32.33%,218.3 kcal/g,2.88 mg/g and 13.59 mg/g, respectively) on a dry weight basis.
8. The leaves of red radish plant produced in peatmoss + vermiculate medium showed the best value of moisture , ash ,vitamin C , anthocyanin , potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium and iron (11.52% , 26.63 %,3.75 mg/g , 1.40 mg/g, 4.50 %, 2.13%,2.30%, 0.68 % and1.02%, respectively) as compared to other media.
9. The content of protein , lipid, fiber, ash, total phenols, flavonoids, flavon, indoles , anthocyanin, nitrogen, phosphorus and iron in the roots of red radish plant significantly increased in clay medium (11.04 %, 3.58 % , 19% , 14.61, 1.32, 13.29, 11.82 mg/g and4.12 mg/100g, 1.77 %, 0.17 % and1.80 % , respectively) compared with other growing media.
10. Clay mixture medium gave the best percentage of total sugars in the roots of red radish (39.38 %) and total soluble sugars (29.88%), on a dry weight basis.
11. Content of ash, energy, free amino acids, vitamin C, potassium , calcium , sodium and magnesium in the roots of red radish plants significantly increased as a result of using peatmoss + vermiculate medium (21.51%, 270.2 k cal/g, 12.59 mg/g , 1.09 mg/g , 0.34 % ,4.30 % , 2.13% and 0.65%, respectively) as compared to other media.
C. Green onion plant:
1. The best green onion plant growth and yield characters was obtained by mixed media peatmoss + vermiculate and followed in descending order by plants planted in sand mixture medium at three growth stages 45, 60 and 75 days from sowing.
2. Green onion plants grown in different growing media reduced the heat refraction for plants and growing media as compared to air temperature at all growth stages.
3. Clay medium gave the highest value of chlorophyll (a), chlorophyll (b) and total chlorophyll in the leaves of green onion plant on a fresh weight basis after 45 days from sowing compared with other media, while the content of carotonoids increased in plants produced in clay mixture medium.
4. Content of chlorophyll a ,chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotonoids showed the best values in green onion plants grown in peatmoss + vermiculate medium on a fresh weight basis after 60 days from sowing.
5. After 75 days from sowing, the highest content of chlorophyll (a); total chlorophyll and carotonoids was obtained in the leaves of green onion plant produced in sand mixture medium. On the contrary, the highest value of chlorophyll (b) recorded in clay medium.
6. Green onion plants produced in clay medium recorded the best values of carbohydrates (58.68%),energy (306.2kcal/g), phenols (24.57 mg/g), flavonoids (2.88 mg/g), flavon (21.69 mg/g), free amino acids (24.94 mg/g) , indoles (17.33 mg/g) , calcium (0.41%) and sodium (1.98%) on a dry weight basis as compared to other growing media.
7. The content of protein, ash , vitamin C, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in green onion plants remarkable increased in plants produced in clay mixture medium to (10.63%, 10.42%, 0.43 mg/g, 1.70%, 0.24% and 3.45 %,respectively) compared with other media.
8. Sand mixture medium recorded the best percentage for moisture (8.19%), total soluble sugars (30.72%), magnesium (0.36 %) and iron (1.00%) in green onion plants on a dry weight basis.
9. The marked increase for lipid (5.20%), fiber (27.51%), total sugars (51.21%) and anthocyanin (0.70 mg/100g) was observed in green onion plants produced in peatmoss + vermiculite compared with other media.
from the previous results it can be generally concluded that the peatmoss + vermiculate medium can be recommended for producing turnip, red radish and green onion plants in the kitchen garden or roof garden for lightness of medium weight.
Part three: Subsequent jews mallow and snap bean crop production in the summer season.
One square meter wooden plot filled with different growing media was used to produce jews mallow plant on 19th March after harvesting green onion plant, while snap bean plant production in two square meter wooden plot after harvesting turnip and red radish plants. Each wooden plot was filled with each medium under investigation. To study the effect of growing media on subsequent jews mallow and snap bean crops in the summer season.Separate experiments with four growing media (Clay, clay + vermiculate 1:1 v/v +10 % compost, sand + vermiculate1:1 v/v + 10 % compost and peatmose + vermiculate1:1 v/v). The experiment was set in completely randomized block design with three replicates. Jews mallow plants were randomly taken from each plot at two growth stages (30 and 55 days from sowing).In contrast, snap bean plants were randomly taken from each plot at two growth stages (45 and 60 days from planting to measure plant growth characters). Harvest pods begin after 60 days from seed sowing and continued for 60 days. The following results were obtained:
A. Jews mallow plant:
1. Application clay mixture medium significantly increased plant growth and yield characters of jews mallow plant as expressed as plant length (cm), no. leaves/plant, steam fresh weight (g/plant, g/m2 and g/g seed), plant fresh weight (g/plant, g/m2 and g/g seed) and steam dry weight (g/plant, g/m2 and g/g seed) after 30 days from planting. On the other hand, clay medium showed the highest plant growth and yield characters of jews mallow plants after 55 days from planting compared with other media.
2. The vegetation for jews mallow plants in different growing media was effective in decreasing the heat refraction for plants and growing media as compared to air temperature at all growth stages.
3. Sand mixture medium gave the highest value of chlorophyll (a) in the leaves of jews mallow plants on a fresh weight basis after 30 days from sowing compared with other media. On the other hand, chlorophyll (a) after 55 days from sowing recorded the best value in the leaves of jews mallow plants grown in peatmoss + vermiculate medium .
4. The content of Chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll increased in the leaves of jews mallow plants produced in clay medium after 30 days from sowing on a fresh weight basis compared with other media. On the contrary, chlorophyll b content increased after 55 days from sowing in peatmoss + vermiculate medium.
5. the best value of carotenoids in the leaves of jews mallow plant produced in clay medium followed by sand mixture medium was obtained after 30 days from sowing,while after 55 days from jews mallow seeds sowing, the highest value of carotenoids appeared in the leaves of jews mallow plants grown in peatmoss + vermiculate medium and sand mixture medium.
6. Total carbohydrates, protein, ash , total energy , total sugars , free amino acids , indoles and vitamin C in the leaves of jews mallow plant significantly increased with using clay medium (52.34 %, 2.50%, 21.0 % , 250.56 kcal/g, 49.60 mg/g , 13.79 mg/g , 9.56 mg/g and 5.75 mg/g respectively).In the same trend recorded with nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),potassium(K),sodium(Na), magnesium(Mg) and iron (Fe) in the leaves of jews mallow plants produced in clay medium (2.60 , 0.16, 7.25,1.05,1.87 and 4.51 %, respectively) compared with other media.
7. The higher content of lipid, flavonoids and flavon was obtained in the leaves of jews mallow plant produced in clay mixture medium (4.80%, 5.22 and 11.57 mg/g, respectively) on a dry weight basis.
8. Sand + vermiculate (1:1 v/v) +10% compost medium recorded the best content of total soluble sugars (5.98%) and total phenols (16.98 mg/g) in the leaves of jews mallow plant on a dry weight basis.
9. The increment of percentage moisture and fiber was significant in jews mallow plants produced in peatmoss + vermiculite medium (4.52% and 26.42%, respectively) as compared to other media.
B. Snap bean crop:
1. Snap bean plant growth and yield characters significantly increased in the plants produced in peatmoss + vermiculate medium.
2. Growing media showed the best effective in reducing heat refraction for snap bean plants and growing media as compared to air temperature at all growth stages.
3. Values of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids in leaves of snap bean plants grown in peatmoss + vermiculate gave the best medium after 45 days from sowing.
4. Content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids increased in the leaves of snap bean plant produced in clay mixture medium compared with other media after 60 days from sowing.
5. Pods of snap bean produced in clay medium are good source of fiber, ash, total sugars and magnesium (29.63, 16, 34.53 and 0.57%, respectively) on a dry weight basis.
6. Clay mixture medium significantly increased the content of carbohydrates (39.35%), energy (247.8 k cal/g), phosphorus (0.18%) and iron (0.69 %) in pods of snap bean plant compared with other media.
7. Pods of snap bean plant produced in sand mixture medium had a higher content of moisture (7.03%), flavonoids (1.75 mg/g), indoles (4.44 mg/g) and calcium (1.10%) on a dry weight basis.
8. The content of protein, lipid, total soluble sugars, phenols, flavon, free amino acids, vitamin C, nitrogen, potassium and sodium recorded increase in pods of snap bean produced in peatmoss + vermiculate medium (16.77%, 4.61%, 6.30%, 14.05 mg/g , 12.43 mg/g , 29.12 mg/g, 0.46 mg/g , 2.68% , 0.87% and 1.04 %, respectively) as compared to other media.
9. Progress in the harvesting date gave the best values of protein (15.21 %),lipid ( 5.15 %), fiber (28.25%), energy( 243.7 k cal/g), total phenols (13.92 mg/g), flavon (12.30 mg/g), free amino acids ( 23.44 mg/g) , indoles (4.23 mg/g), nitrogen (2.43%), potassium (0.90%), sodium (1.03%) and magnesium (0.62%) in pods of snap bean, while the content of total soluble sugars (5.13%), flavonoids (1.62 mg/g) and iron (0.57 %) content significantly declined with delaying harvest stage in pods of snap bean.
10. Early harvest for pods of snap bean plant gave the highest ash percentage (17.33%) as compared to late harvest for pods (10.92%).
11. The interaction between growing media and harvest date caused significant effect on the content of moisture, carbohydrates, protein, fiber, ash, energy, total soluble sugars, phenols, flavonoids, flavon, free amino acids, indoles, vitamin C and minerals in pods of snap bean.
from the previous results it can be generally concluded that the clay media can be recommended for producing jews mallow plants, but it could be change clay medium because it’s fertility is decreased with using for multi times in kitchen garden. On the contrary, peatmoss + vermiculate medium can be recommended for producing snap bean plant in the kitchen garden or roof garden