الفهرس 
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Abstract
In the present investigation, the genotoxic effect of antipyretic – analgesic drug, Paracetamol˝ was evaluated in mice using different experiments. The protective role of Moringa oleifera leaf extract was also studied. Male Swiss albino mice were used as the experimental animals in this study. Paracetamol; orally administrated at doses of 500 and 2000 mg/kg b. wt. as a single dose and 7 consecutive doses at a dose level 200 µl with 24 hr interval. Another group of animals were orally treated with Moringa oleifera leaf extract (200 mg/ kg. b. wt.) for 10 consecutive days at dose level equal 0.05 ml with 24 hr. interval. Moringa oleifera leaf extract administrated either before or after Paracetamol treatment in both doses by studying the induction of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells, sperm abnormality test in morphology, DNA fragmentation test in liver tissue cells and performing electrophoretic pattern of DNA extracted from liver.
The results could be summarized as follow:
The results of the present study showed that Paracetamol at both doses (500 & 2000 mg/kg. b. wt.) either as a single dose or 7 consecutive doses has a mutagenic effect in induction chromosomal aberrations in both number and structure of bone marrow cells of male mice which is significant high comparing to control group. from results obtained in the present study the oral administration of M. oleifera leaf extract showed no significant in chromosomal aberrations induction comparing to control group. Also the results from the present study demonstrated that treatment with M. oleifera before Paracetamol has a high significant in reducing the total chromosomal aberrations in both structure and number comparing with the treatment with M. oleifera as a pot-treatment.
from results showed in the present study, treatment with Paracetamol at both doses has a significant effect on increasing the morphological abnormalities of sperms of swiss albino mice comparing to control group. While oral administration with M. oleifera showed no significance compared to control group. Also, treatment with M. oleifera before Paracetamol is better than post-treatment in reducing the total morphological abnormalities of sperms.
Molecular analysis results in the present study confirm the results obtained from cytogenetic and biochemical results. Paracetamol is a mutagenic drug as there is a significant increase in DNA fragmentation percent in comparing to control group, also this result confirmed by the developed smears on agarose gel electrophoresis as more dense smear showing the more DNA fragmentation percent. M. oleifera has a significant effect in reducing DNA fragmentation induced by Paracetamol at both doses. Treatment with M. oleifera leaf extract as a pre-treatment is better than it as a post treatment against genotoxicity induced by Paracetamol at both doses in liver tissue cells (somatic cells). Also the results of this assay confirmed by the results obtained from the assay of electrophoretic pattern of nucleic acids of liver tissue in male mice (Analysis of total genomic DNA, Using DNA fragmentation assay).
Paracetamol administration to mice cause severe liver damage causing severe intensity of necrosis increasing with the increase of PAR dose. While Moringa oleifera administration decrease the incidence of necrosis from PAR administration either before or after it.
from results obtained in the present study, the oral administration of Paracetamol showed its side effect on reducing GSH content in liver tissue homogenate as there is a high significant decrease detected in groups treated with Paracetamol at both doses compared to control group. Also the results declared that the pre-treatment with Moringa oleifera is better than using it as a post-treatment as M. oleifera has a good effect on raising the content of GSH in liver tissue homogenate to be in the same mannar as in control group.
In the present investigation, the genotoxic effect of antipyretic – analgesic drug, Paracetamol˝ was evaluated in mice using different experiments. The protective role of Moringa oleifera leaf extract was also studied. Male Swiss albino mice were used as the experimental animals in this study. Paracetamol; orally administrated at doses of 500 and 2000 mg/kg b. wt. as a single dose and 7 consecutive doses at a dose level 200 µl with 24 hr interval. Another group of animals were orally treated with Moringa oleifera leaf extract (200 mg/ kg. b. wt.) for 10 consecutive days at dose level equal 0.05 ml with 24 hr. interval. Moringa oleifera leaf extract administrated either before or after Paracetamol treatment in both doses by studying the induction of chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells, sperm abnormality test in morphology, DNA fragmentation test in liver tissue cells and performing electrophoretic pattern of DNA extracted from liver.
The results could be summarized as follow:
The results of the present study showed that Paracetamol at both doses (500 & 2000 mg/kg. b. wt.) either as a single dose or 7 consecutive doses has a mutagenic effect in induction chromosomal aberrations in both number and structure of bone marrow cells of male mice which is significant high comparing to control group. from results obtained in the present study the oral administration of M. oleifera leaf extract showed no significant in chromosomal aberrations induction comparing to control group. Also the results from the present study demonstrated that treatment with M. oleifera before Paracetamol has a high significant in reducing the total chromosomal aberrations in both structure and number comparing with the treatment with M. oleifera as a pot-treatment.
from results showed in the present study, treatment with Paracetamol at both doses has a significant effect on increasing the morphological abnormalities of sperms of swiss albino mice comparing to control group. While oral administration with M. oleifera showed no significance compared to control group. Also, treatment with M. oleifera before Paracetamol is better than post-treatment in reducing the total morphological abnormalities of sperms.
Molecular analysis results in the present study confirm the results obtained from cytogenetic and biochemical results. Paracetamol is a mutagenic drug as there is a significant increase in DNA fragmentation percent in comparing to control group, also this result confirmed by the developed smears on agarose gel electrophoresis as more dense smear showing the more DNA fragmentation percent. M. oleifera has a significant effect in reducing DNA fragmentation induced by Paracetamol at both doses. Treatment with M. oleifera leaf extract as a pre-treatment is better than it as a post treatment against genotoxicity induced by Paracetamol at both doses in liver tissue cells (somatic cells). Also the results of this assay confirmed by the results obtained from the assay of electrophoretic pattern of nucleic acids of liver tissue in male mice (Analysis of total genomic DNA, Using DNA fragmentation assay).
Paracetamol administration to mice cause severe liver damage causing severe intensity of necrosis increasing with the increase of PAR dose. While Moringa oleifera administration decrease the incidence of necrosis from PAR administration either before or after it.
from results obtained in the present study, the oral administration of Paracetamol showed its side effect on reducing GSH content in liver tissue homogenate as there is a high significant decrease detected in groups treated with Paracetamol at both doses compared to control group. Also the results declared that the pre-treatment with Moringa oleifera is better than using it as a post-treatment as M. oleifera has a good effect on raising the content of GSH in liver tissue homogenate to be in the same mannar as in control group.