الفهرس 
Present state of Energy consumptionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
There is a big Energy crisis in the world, rapid increase in world population make high-energy consumption of fossil fuel while fossils are a nonrenewable source of energy, which will be depleted.
Egypt depends mainly on Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as a fuel in commercial sector. Poultry farms consume a huge amount of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cylinders for heating purpose in winter, which affects the needs of the domestic sector.
Poultry farm consumes about 180 cylinder/month while a family with 5 members consume 1-2 cylinder/month this high consumption of LPG cylinder in poultry farms affects the needs of domestic sector.
LPG is considered an important strategic commodity in Egypt; there is high dependency on LPG as a source of energy because natural gas is difficult to be delivered to many places while LPG can be liquefied and bottled and delivered to anywhere in the country. Consumption of LPG in Egypt reaches to 4 million ton/year and the country import 55% of the consumption.
Poultry wealth in Egypt is very high it reaches to 1,400,000,000 chickens in year 2016.
Huge amount of Poultry Manure is produced daily from poultry farms and it is difficult dispose and its accumulation causes spreading of harmful insects and pests which leading to the dissemination of various diseases that are transmitted to human and animals and pose a threat to public health.
While poultry wastes can be an aerobically fermented to produce biogas to make self-sufficiency of methane. Poultry manure (PM) contains high percentage of nitrogen though it must be co-digested with other substrates to adjust carbon nitrogen ratio to produce biogas with high quality and high percentage of methane.
Biogas is a produced gas from fermentation of organic substrates in an aerobic condition in absence of oxygen under suitable temperature for developing of anaerobic bacteria and make fermentation of the organic substance to produce biogas and the remained solid from fermentation process is considered a very good fertilizer. Biogas is composed mostly of methane (CH4) and inert CO2, that are both colorless and odorless but if H2S amount increase it cause hazard for users. Additionally it is saturated with H2O.
Anaerobic digestion process is consist of four main steps which are hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. it can be represent in this equation
Organic Matter + H2O CH4 + CO2 + New biomass + NH3 + H2S + heat
Production of Biogas affected with many parameter like feedstock structure, Inhibition substances, before anaerobic digestion process, carbon to nitrogen ratio in the substrate, temperature of the digester, pH and alkalinity of the digestate, retention time, amount of volatile fatty acids, amount of ammonia produced and co-digestion of the digestate with other substrates to improve carbon to nitrogen ratio and decrease produced ammonia which make as inhibitor to an aerobic digestion process.
Co-digestion is a very important parameter which affect the quality of the produced biogas. Therefore, it is recommended to mix poultry manure with other substrates to improve carbon nitrogen ratio to increase methane content in produced biogas. Poultry manure is co-digested with Banana Peels (BP) and then with Kitchen Wastes (KW). Egypt produces highest amounts of banana among Arab countries.
A simple digester was used to digest the mixed substrates with different ratios to found the optimal mixing ratio for highest production of biogas and highest methane content.
The laboratory digester is formed of three bottle, first on is consider the digester which contain organic substances and the 2nd contain distilled water and the 3rd for measurement of the amount of produced biogas.
PM /BP mixtures at different ratios -5 mixtures- were digested. Mixtures are as follows BP and PM were mixed at ratios 1-3, 1-1, 3-1 respectively in addition to BP and PM only and PM/KW mixed with the same manner like PM /BP mixtures. Ten digesters were used to carry out experiments. Biogas was collected and measured daily.
The experiments is performed in the same temperature which is 38C0. The studied parameters were pH, C/N ratio, biogas yield and methane content.
The pH was measured before and after digestion process, carbon to nitrogen ratio is measured in the substrate and co-substrate and recorded, amount of biogas was measured by the height of surface level of the water.
In co-digestion of poultry manure with banana peels with different ratios, it is found that the highest amount of produced biogas is in mixture of 50% BP+ 50% PM.
By measuring carbon nitrogen content for all mixtures, it is found that the highest carbon nitrogen ratio and the highest percentage of methane content is in the mixture of 100% BP and 75% BP+25% PM. The highest amount of methane is produced from 50% BP+50% PM, which is considered a recommended mixture ratio and improves the amount of methane by 42% according to the use of poultry manure without co-digestion (100% PM).
In co-digestion of poultry manure with kitchen wastes in different ratios, it is found that the highest amount of methane is produced from 75%KW+ 25%PM.
75% KW+ 25%PM mixture improve the amount of methane by 35% according to the use of poultry manure without co-digestion (100% PM).
The best co-substrates with the highest amount of methane are produced from 50% BP+50%PM and 75%KW+25%PM.