الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The Deeba Triangle on Lake Manzala is the largest marine coastal aquaculture producing area in Egypt. This study was conducted to characterize the spatial and seasonal differences of the environmental parameters inside the fish ponds along the Deeba Triangle aquaculture complex, as an integrated study of field, remote sensing and GIS data, using samples from 16 ponds and three fish species during four seasons (2014–2015). The results indicated that hypersaline and transparent waters characterized the western ponds; higher dissolved oxygen and higher nutrients characterized the central region, while the eastern ponds exhibited the intermediate conditions. The soil texture analysis showed that all fish ponds were mainly sand, however their chemical analyses including mineral determination, were significantly different according to the geographical location (P < 0.05) and were directly correlated with the water analyses (particularly NO3 and COD). The central group was the highest group in fish production (4 tons /Feddan), while the western group was considered the lowest in fish production (1600 Kg/Feddan). The growth indices, body composition analyses, and bioaccumulation of metals in the fish were significantly affected by the fish species, and by the geographical location of the fish pond (P<0.05). Meagre exhibited the best performance, reaching 1700 g, and 50 cm, Sea bream recorded 261 g, 24.4 cm, while sea bass was 233 g, and 27.1 cm. Sea bream and meagre showed the best quality of body content at the central group, while they exhibited significantly high metal concentrations. The maximum value of Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations in the farmed fish at the Deeba Triangle were within the international permissible safe limits for human consumption. The NDWI as a powerful remote sensing tool was applied successfully to delineate of the aquaculture ponds, and the IDW method was very successful to interpolate water chemical parameters. The remote sensing analyses showed that Lake Manzala area was estimated by 426 504.3 Feddan in 1972, which decreased sharply to 141 720.7 Feddan in 2016, representing 33% of its original surface. While the Deeba Triangle surface area was 4 390.8 Feddan during 1972 and reached 49 486.8 Feddan in 2016. Sedimentation, climate change, and anthropogenic effect, along with the political events were the main highlighted reasons for that change. Regulating these changes is an important action to minimize negative impacts on the environment and properly plan for the management and developments of Lake Manzala future, however more research using high spatial resolution images is needed to produce more accurate estimates.