الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was done to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation on natural antioxidants and quality of fenugreek (Trigonellajoenum- greacum) and lupine (lupinus terms) seeds in hyperlipidemic rats.
Hyperlipidemia refers to elevated levels of lipids and cholesterol in the blood, and is also identified as dyslipidemia, to describe the manifestations of different disorders of lipoprotein metabolism. Although elevated low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) is thought to be the best indicator of atherosclerosis risk, dyslipidemia can also describe elevated total cholesterol or triacylglycerols, or low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c).
Increased formation of free radicals is known to participate in cardiac dysfunction, cardiovascular disease progression cardiac apoptosis and narcosis. Herbal containing high antioxidants are recommended in improvement of primary and secondary cardiovascular diseases.
Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum - Graecum) and lupine (lupinus terms) seeds were freed of husk, stone, etc. and were packed in polyethylene bags, and irradiation from 60Co at National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT) at Nasr City, Cairo Egypt. The doses applied were 10 and 20 kGy.
Eighty adult male waster albino rats weighting 75 ± 5 g were divided into 8 groups (each of 10 rats) and the diets were offered daily for 8 weeks as follows:
Summary
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The results obtained could be summarized as follow:
- Regarding to the approximate analysis, the moisture, crude fat, crude protein, ash and crude fiber were not significantly changed by gamma irradiation treatment at all applied gamma radiation doses levels of gamma irradiated fenugreek seeds at dose levels 10 or 20 kGy when compared with non-gamma irradiated fenugreek seeds.
group (1):
Rats fed balanced diet according to Revees et al ., (1993), given p.o distilled water and served as negative control.
group (2):
Rats fed high fat high cholesterol (HFHC) diet (15% saturated fat + 0.5 % cholesterol) according to lin – lee et al., (1981), given p.o distilled water and served as positive control.
group (3):
Rats fed HFHC diet with 15 % non-irradiated fenugreek seeds.
group (4):
Rats fed HFHC diet with 15 % irradiated fenugreek seeds at dose level 10 kGy.
group (5):
Rats fed HFHC diet with 15 % irradiated fenugreek seeds at dose level 20 kGy.
group (6):
Rats fed HFHC diet with 15 % non-irradiated lupine seeds.
group (7):
Rats fed HFHC with 15 % irradiated lupine seeds at dose level10 kGy.
group (8):
Rats fed HFHC diet with 15 % irradiated lupine seeds at dose level20 kGy.
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- The approximate analysis of non-gamma irradiated or irradiated lupine seeds at 10 or 20 kGy were no significant changed up on gamma irradiation treatment at applied doses excepted for crude fiber where being decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) by -58.67 and -58.0% respectively at dose levels 10 and 20 kGy when compared with non-gamma irradiated lupine seeds.
- Fatty acids profile of gamma irradiated fenugreek seeds at dose levels10 and 20 kGy were decreased in total saturated fatty acids in fenugreek seeds with increase irradiation dose by -13.30 and -31.10 %, respectively when compared with non-irradiated fenugreek seeds. Gamma irradiation treatment at the same dose decrease in unsaturated fatty acids with increase gamma irradiation dose by -8.63 and -17.14 %, respectively.
- Saturated fatty acids of gamma irradiated lupine seeds at dose levels of 10 and 20 kGy were increased by + 40.47 and + 71.37%, respectively. Also unsaturated fatty acids of irradiated lupine seeds at dose levels 10 and 20 kGy were increased by + 8.56 and +3.22 %, respectively, when compared to non- irradiated lupine seeds.
- Amino acids of gamma irradiated fenugreek seeds at the applied dose (10 and 20 kGy) were increased with increased with increased irradiation dose such as aspartic, threonine, serine, proline, glycine, cystine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, lysine and arginineas compared with those of non-irradiated where glutamic, alanine, methionine, histidine and phenylalanine were decreased.
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- Amino acids of gamma irradiated lupine seeds at dose levels of 10 and 20 kGy were an increase in the most of amino acids as a function of radiation dose such as aspartic, serine, proline, glycine, alanine, cystine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, histidine and lysine. While, threonine, methoinine and arginine were decreased.
- Total phenols in all applied doses of fenugreek seeds was a significant increase by + 15.28 and 24.69 % when compared with non-gamma irradiated fenugreek seeds. Total flavonoides was significantly increased by + 61.20 % in irradiated fenugreek seeds at dose level 10 kGy but there were no significant changed (p ≥ 0.05) between gamma irradiated fenugreek seeds at dose level 20 kGy and non-gamma irradiated fenugreek seeds. DPPH of gamma irradiated fenugreek at dose levels 10 and 20 kGy was significant increase by 42.0 and 34.60 % when compared with non- gamma irradiated fenugreek seeds. Meanwhile there were no significant changed (p ≥ 0.05) of DPPH between gamma irradiated fenugreek seeds at dose levels 10 kGy and 20 kGy.
- Total phenols, total flavonoides and DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) of gamma irradiated lupine seeds at dose levels 10 and 20 kGy were a significant increase as function of gamma radiation dose when compared with non- gamma irradiated lupine seeds. Meanwhile there were no significant changed (p ≤ 0.05) of DPPH between gamma irradiated lupine seeds at dose levels 10 kGy and 20 kGy.
- There were no significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) in relative heart, spleen, kidney and testis weights in groups (3, 4 and 5) except for liver
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which significantly deceased in groups (4 and 5) by - 21.24 and - 12.66 % when compared with group (2).On the other hand, there was no significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) between groups (3) and (2). Also, there was significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in group (2) by + 25.94 % when compared with group (1).
- There were no significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) in relative heart, spleen, kidney and testis weights in groups (6, 7 and 8) except for liver which significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased in groups (6, 7 and 8) by - 13.09, - 15.45 and - 23.81 %, respectively when compared with group (2).
- Protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly decreased in groups (3) and (5) by – 9.98 and – 16.47 % when compared with group (2). Meanwhile, there was no significant change between group (4) and group (2).
- FER were significantly increased in groups (3 and 4) by + 6.48 and 13.25 % when compared with group (2). Meanwhile, there were no significant change between group (5) and group (2).
- PER were significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in groups (6, 7 and 8) by – 10.92, - 2.25 – 2.63 %, respectively when compared with group (2).
- FER were significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) of groups (6, 7 and 8) by + 4.41, + 16.49 and + 18.11 % when compared with group (2).
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- There was a significant decrease (p ≤ 0.05) in food intake of groups (3, 4 and 5) by – 15.40, -16.75 and - 18.35 %, respectively when compared with group (2). Also there were significant decreases (p ≤ 0.05) in gain in body weight in group (3, 4 and 5) by – 2.39, - 9.94 and – 16.48 %, respectively when compared with groups (2).
- There was significant decreased (p ≤ 0.05) in food intake of groups (6, 7 and 8) by - 14.76, - 16.11 and – 17.64 %, respectively when compared with group (2). Also a significant decreased (p ≤ 0.05) in gain in body weight of groups (6, 7 and 8) by – 10.94, - 2.31 and – 2.67 %, respectively when compared with groups (2).
- Blood hemoglobin value was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased in groups (3, 4and 5) by + 14.14, + 16.70 and + 13.74, respectively when compared group (2) but there was no significant different (P ≤ 0.05) between groups (3, 4 and 5) when compared with group (1).
- Blood hemoglobin value was significantly increased in groups (6, 7 and 8) by + 10.79, + 12.62 and + 22.30 %, respectively when compared with group (2). On the other hand, there was no significant different between groups (6, 7 and 8) when compared with group (1).
- The activities of ALT and AST enzymes of groups (3, 4, and 5) were significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) by –10.99, - 14.06, –18.15, - 1.11, - 3.69 and - 6.79 %, respectively when compared with group (2).group (5) which was provided with highest dose of fenugreek at 20 kGy showed a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in serum ALT and AST when compared with group (3 and 4).
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- The activities of ALT and AST of groups (6, 7 and7) were significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) by decreased by- 13.09, - 11.13, - 5.73, - 2.73, - 6.88 and –3.42 %, respectively when compared with group (2).
- There was significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in serum total cholesterol in groups (3, 4 and 5) by – 15.19, - 16.29 and – 16.31 %, respectively when compared with group (2).
- There was significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in triacylglycerols in groups (3, 4 and 5) by – 30.24, - 30.41 and – 31.73 %, respectively when compared with group (2).
- There was significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) in HDL-c in groups (3, 4 and 5) by + 5.26, + 7.20 and + 8.05 %, respectively when compared with group (2).
- LDL-c was significantly decreased in groups (3, 4 and 5) by - 19.80, - 22.54 and – 22.25 %, respectively when compared with group (2).
- The mean value of serum total cholesterol in groups (4 and 5) return to normal levels as in group (1). The high gamma irradiation dose level of fenugreek seeds at 20 kGy (group 5) showed a significant decrease in triacylglycerols when compared with groups (3 and 4).
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- There was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased in serum total cholesterol in groups (6, 7 and 8) by – 7.88, - 15.28 and – 15.07 %, respectively when compared with group (2).
- There was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased in triacylglycerols in groups (6, 7 and 8) by – 36.30, - 38.18 and – 45.43 %, respectively when compared with group (2).
- There was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased in HDL-c in groups by(6, 7 and 8) by + 6.75, + 5.61 and + 6.02 %, respectively when compared with group (2).
- There were significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in LDL-c in groups (6, 7 and 8) by – 19.62, - 34.27 and – 34.64 %, respectively when compared with group (2).
- The mean value of serum cholesterol in groups (7 and 8) return to normal levels as in group (1). The high gamma irradiation dose level of lupine seeds at 20 kGy (group 8) showed significantly decreased in triacylglycerols when compared with groups (6 and 7).
- The activity of liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) in group (3, 4 and 5) by + 0.14, + 21.82 and + 34.48 %, respectively when compared with group (2).
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- The activity of liver glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were significant increased (P ≤ 0.05) in groups (3, 4 and 5) by + 34.0, + 66.94 and + 72.69 %, respectively, when compared with group (2).
- The activityof liver catalase (CAT) were significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) in groups (3, 4 and 5) by + 30.01, + 30.97 and + 31.26 %, respectively when compared with group (2).
- The activity of liver SOD was significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) in group (5) when compared with groups (3 and 4). The activity of liver GPx was significantly increased in groups (4 and 5) when compared with group (3). While there were no significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) in liver CAT activity of groups (3, 4 and 5).
- The activity of liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) in groups (6, 7 and 8) by + 8.87, + 10.06 and + 13.38 %, respectively when compared with group (2).
- The activity of liver glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) in group (6, 7 and 8) by + 51.06, + 60.72 and + 65.44 %, respectively, when compared with group (2).
- The activity of liver catalase (CAT) were significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) in group (6, 7 and 8) by + 19.50, + 23.71 and + 37.65 %, respectively when compared with group (2).
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- There were no significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) in liver SOD and CAT activities of groups (6, 7 and 8). While the activity of liver GPX of groups (7 and 8) was significantly increased when compared with group (6).
- The level of liver malodialdehyde was significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in group (3, 4 and 5) by – 38.68, - 34.54 and – 44.50%, respectively when compared with group (2).
- The level of liver nitric oxide was significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in group (3, 4 and 5) by – 1.88, - 3.27 and – 4.43 %, respectively when compared with group (2).
- The level of liver malondialdehyde was significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in groups (6, 7 and 8) by – 23.15, - 28.33 and – 24.70 %, respectively when compared with group (2).
- The level of liver nitric oxide were significantly decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in groups (6, 7 and 8) by -10.28, - 11.73 and – 13.10%, respectively when compared with group (2).
- There were no significant (P ≥ 0.05) differences between groups (6, 7 and 8) in liver malondialdehyde and nitric oxide.