الفهرس 
الفصل الاولOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
T2DM pathogenesis is characterized by peripheral insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells. characteristically comprises three abnormalities: relative insulin deficiency, insulin resistance involving myocytes and adipocytes, and hepatic insulin resistance (resulting in increased gluconeogenesis and impaired glycogen synthesis). It is considered as one of the pathological manifestations of the so-called ‗‗metabolic syndrome. Biochemical abnormalities of T2DM may include hyper insulinemia and high levels of serum triglycerides (TG). Microvascular and macrovascular diseases account for most of the morbidity and mortality associated with T2DM. The increased prevalence of macrovascular diseases in patients with diabetes is the result of numerous factors, including but not limited to obesity, lipid abnormalities, hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyper coagulation, platelet dysfunction and endothelial dysfunction. Diabetic microvascular diseases are responsible for diabetic retinopathy and blindness, diabetic neuropathy (potentially resulting in lowerlimb amputation), and diabetic nephropathy (leading to end-stage renal disease and the need for renal dialysis or transplantation), (Lebovitz, 1992). The pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and its management by the oral administration of hypoglycemic agents have stimulated great interest in recent years.