الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The uses of the River Nile can be improved in transportation, tourism and other
important fields by using Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote
Sensing techniques as creating River Nile base map for monitoring River Nile
resources. In order to develop an updated base map for River Nile in Egypt, it
was necessary to address, review, assesses and evaluates the available different
free sources satellite images. Four study areas over Egypt were chosen and
definite points were observed for those areas using GPS techniques. The same
specified points were determined on the available free satellite images.
Assessment for free sources satellite images, in terms of horizontal accuracy,
and depending on the available images resolution, has been evaluated. The
obtained results of Root Mean Square Error (RMSEr) for horizontal coordinate
differences in small areas vary from 1.57 m to 5.06 m, and large area varies
from 8.52 m to 9.15m. Image registration techniques were applied using two
dimensional transformations process in the previous four study areas between
the two free sources satellite images (Image-to-Image registration) and between
satellite image and GPS points (Image-to-Ground registration) to get the register
image points with suitable accuracy comparable with images resolution. The
transformation parameters (Scale (s), Rotation (θ) and Translations (ΔX, ΔY))
are calculated for the areas under consideration. The Root Mean Square Error
(RMSEr) obtained from the transformation process in small areas varies from
1.94 m to 2.86 m and in large area varies from 7.428 m to 8.586 m. Then these
calculated transformation parameters used to transform other points onto the
required system. This approach can be used in different areas which have lack of
GPS observed points to calculate semi-ground points from transformed
measured free imagery points with suitable accuracy compared with the
accuracy of GPS and images resolution. Then, using free sources satellite
Abstract
images with Geographic Information System Application to building an updated
base map for River Nile in Egypt.
Also, in recent years the Government of Egypt initiated the efforts towards
developing a navigation system in River Nile in Egypt. These efforts will
increase the revenue from tourism; reduce the cost of shipping and the load on
transportation network and overcome tourism ships which stuck near Luxor and
Aswan city that happen every year during the peak of the tourism season
between November-February due to decrease in water level that can affect 300
tourism boats with a capacity for accommodating over 60,000 tourists per week.
Developing River Nile navigation system depends on the availability of updated
data and information for River Nile depths all over the year in order to identify
the best route that can be used for ships. River Nile water level always changes
that effect changing of River Nile depths. This point is critical and has
entertained thinking about using remote sensing technology that can derive
bathymetric data from high-resolution multispectral satellite imagery. Stumpf
algorithm for estimating shallow water depth from multispectral data is applied
in our study area near Esna district. This methodology is based on linear
logarithm ratio model between image bands; the retrieved bathymetry is
compared with echo sounder data. The validation results show that the applied
method has acceptable performance, and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSEr)
is 0.79 m. Then, building an automated navigation system for River Nile fleet in
Egypt by the author using for the first time Linear Reference and Dynamic
Segmentation techniques based on the above retrieved bathymetry data and the
other available collected data from different resources done. The developed
application is integration between Geomatics Engineering and Software
Engineering on how maps, data, functions and information were used in a useful
way using programming language to allow operation of all inertial navigation.
Finally, study accurate information on the water balance components of lakes
and reservoirs is deemed necessary for managing request. Satellite data are
Abstract
found very useful in natural resource monitoring and management, since it
provides a wide spatial extent and temporal coverage. Unlike traditional field
survey, mapping using remote sensing is not constrained by rough inaccessible
terrains or geopolitical boundaries and it provides access to extensive historical
data archives for retrospective studies. Also In-situ hydrological measurements
of reservoirs and lakes are usually not publically available. Remote Sensing is
up to date, cost effective, non-destructive and timely. Water balance equation
and its components illustrated here and focused on how open-access Satellite
Remote Sensing measurements data can be used replacing field measurements in
this thesis. Then, an assessment of TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring
Mission) data with respect to rain gauge data within Lake Tana in 2000, 2001
and 2002 has done. At that time, the results have a good performance with
RMSEr about 25 mm within period of high precipitation about 500 mm in
August. As a final point, Satellite Radar Altimetry data were validated by
directly comparing. The Satellite Radar Altimetry data -based water levels
compared with the in-situ water levels from gauge measurements over Lake
Nasser made by Nile Research Institute of the Ministry of Water Resources and
Irrigation (NRI) over three different years 1993, 2000 and 2009 period. The final
results for this assessment were represented as the RMSEr values which equal to
0.99 m in 1993, 0.88 m in 2000 and 0.46 m in 2009.