الفهرس 
Plant Growth and Yield
Metabolic ConstituentsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Egyptian bitter lupine (Lupinus termis L.) is an agriculturally valuable plant belonging to family Fabaceae (Leguminosae). Lupine seeds have significant nutritional values as having high protein (35-45%) and oil (10-15%) contents as well as medicinal and pharmaceutical values. The majority of Egypt lands are deserts that are exposed to a combination of environmental stress conditions. Therefore, the main target of this work was to carry out cultivation in a sandy reclaimed soil. Lupine plants have ability to fix nitrogen and grow well in poor soils and improve their fertility, permeability and water storage, particularly in reclaimed soils, thus making the overall farming practices more profitable. As a cultivated plant, lupine growth, yield and seed quality are mainly affected by most profitable sowing date (s) and application of potential bio-stimulant treatment(s). Therefore, the present study intended to investigate the effect of different sowing dates and pre-sowing treatments with glutamine (Q) or salicylic acid (SA) (each at three different concentrations) on the plant growth criteria, photosynthetic pigments, yield parameters, and the essential components of the yielded seeds. This study has been also devoted to outline the main metabolic aspects, biochemical trends, and phytohormone variations in the treated plants and fatty acid profiles of oil of the produced seeds and its possible biological activity. The main results and conclusions are summarized in the following:
1. All treatments (100, 200 and 300 ppm) of Q and SA resulted in a significantly enhanced rate of germination (%) during the first 4 days, as compared with the control, particularly in treatment with Q, but after seven days, the germination percentage was approximately comparable in the control and different treatments.2. Cultivation at the first sowing date (D1) and pre-sowing treatments with Q and SA, each at 100 ppm significantly increased growth criteria (shoot length, fresh and dry weights of stems and leaves, number of leaves, total leaf area per plant and leaf area index), photosynthetic pigment contents (chlorophylls a, b, total chlorophylls, carotenoids), fruit set, seed filling rates and the yield components (number of pods/plant, their dry weight, number of seeds/plant, seed index, the productivity of seeds and straw, biological yield, and harvest index, each estimated as tons/ feddan) of lupine plants at both cultivation years S1 and S2. It could also be observed that the values of harvest index were higher in treatment with SA than Q. This would indicate that SA had more potential than Q in converting plant biomass gain into crop yield. Consequently, straw yield was higher in case of Q treatments.
3. Biochemical analyses have been carried out in the seeds yielded by lupine plants to detect seed quality. The results indicated that sowing lupine on 11th November (D1) and pre-sowing treatments with Q and SA, each at 100 ppm significantly increased the different carbohydrate contents (total soluble sugars, polysaccharides, total carbohydrates), total free amino acids, total protein, macro-element contents (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and elevated the percentage of oil in lupine seeds, as compared with control. Fatty acids of the yielded lupine oil were higher in D1 than in D2 and D3. Eleven fatty acids were identified as affected by low concentration (100 ppm) of either Q or SA. Saturated and essential fatty acids (linoleic acid and linolenic acid) were increased with 100 ppm Q, whereas unsaturated fatty acids were increased with 100 ppm SA. In addition, all treatments of Q and SA significantly decreased the total alkaloid content in lupine seeds. The maximum decrease was recorded by applying 100 ppm Q in D1. SDS-PAGE electrophoretic patterns of protein bands extracted from lupine seeds treated with different concentrations (100, 200 and 300 ppm) of either Q or SA showed the appearance of new protein bands and caused the disappearance of others, as compared with the control in D1, D2 and D3. Protein bands were either induced or repressed as a result of treatment with different concentrations of Q and SA and sowing on D3, as compared with the control.
4. Planting lupine on 11th November (D1) and pre-sowing treatments with Q and SA, each at 100 ppm significantly increased the different carbohydrate fractions (total soluble sugars, polysaccharides, total carbohydrates), total free amino acids, total protein, mineral ion contents (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and enhanced the levels of the growth stimulating hormones (IAA and GA3) and decreased those of abscisic acid in lupine leaves at vegetative and flowering stages (A, B), as compared with those of corresponding controls. Protein electrophoretic pattern extracted from 60- day- old lupine plants treated with different concentrations (100, 200 and 300 ppm) of either Q or SA revealed that all treatments of Q and SA induced the appearance of new protein bands and caused the disappearance of others, as compared with the control in D1, D2 and D3.
5. Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was used to determine the bioactive constituents present in the methanol extract of each of the seed coat (testa) and cotyledon and the aqueous extract of whole seed of the commonly used lupine in Egypt (cv. Giza 1). The GC-MS provided different peaks in the methanol extract of testa and cotyledon that revealed the presence of 32 and 50 compounds, respectively. The aqueous extract of whole lupine seed showed the occurrence of 47 compounds. Interest was devoted to the compounds of predominant occurrence in each extract. The most interesting results were the presence of the alkaloid lupanine in the methanol extract of testa and cotyledon as well as the aqueous extract of whole seed. Furthermore, the seed testa was characterized by unique occurrence of valeric acid and a relatively high proportion of hydroxyl-9, 11 octadecadienoic acid, as compared to the cotyledon. The latter (cotyledon) is characterized by the occurrence of a relatively high ratio of hexanoic acid and xanthosine and a lower amount of 17-[(trimethylsilyl) oxy] spartein-2-one. The aqueous extract of seed was characterized by the presence of multiflorine, 1-acetyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5-(2-piperidinyl)-pyridine, mesityl-quinoline, and Mome inositol. Certain compounds that were not detected in the methanol extract did appear in the aqueous extract of seed. The significance of the different recorded phytochemics was discussed. Thus, besides its known nutritional value, the occurrence of various phytochemical compounds in seeds confirms spreading cultivation of lupine (Giza 1) as a plant of pharmaceutical value and medical application.
6. Anticancer activity of lupine seed oil, its major constituent oleic acid and its main phospholipid lecithin were screened for their toxicity against three human cancer cell lines. These represented a breast (MCF-7), a colon (HCT-116) and hepatocellular (HepG2) cell line of human carcinoma. Lupine oil performed a significantly marked effect on hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2), an intermediate effect on the colon cancer cell line (HCT-116) and had slight effects on the breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). In this respect, the results obtained with lupine oil were assumed to be mainly ascribed to its oleic acid constituent. Oleic acid induced more potential cytotoxicity against HepG2, HCT-116 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines, in the given descending order, than lupine oil. On the other hand, lecithin showed minor effects. However, it could be concluded that lupine oil is likely promising for application as a novel therapeutic agent against certain carcinomas.