الفهرس 
Historical background of SchistosomiasisOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Schistosomiasis is the second most serious parasitic disease
in the world, with almost half a million deaths annually,
especially in developing countries.
With increased resistance of worms to chemical drugs as
well as side effects of medicines, and chemical pesticides used in
snails control and environmental problems caused by the triad and
killing of non-target organisms has made the issue even more
difficult; therefore, the use of herbal remedies is the best
alternative.
In this respect, the scientific interest inC.procera (Oshar)
has increased and many researchers have published on the
capacity of this medicinal plant as antiparasitic source. The
interest in nanoparticles as antiparasitic agents has also increased.
Many studies and researches were conducted on their ability on
treatment of diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to
clarify whether the stem extract of C. proceraand iron
nanoparticles have an antischistosomal effect schistosomiasis and
eradication effect on Biomphalariasnails.
Adult worms were exposed in vitroto progressive
concentrations (25,12.5, 6.25 mg/L) of aqueous and alcohol
extracts of C. procera stem. Also, concentrations (30,60 mg/ L) of iron nanoparticles have been tested on adult S.mansoni and
Biomphalaria snails and the results were as follows.
Almost adult worms of S. mansoniwere died through half
hour after exposure to 25 mg/L of C.procera alcoholic extract
(90% mortality).While, after one hour of exposure 100% of the
worms were died.
With decreasing the concentration to 12.5 mg/L, worms
were seendead after 2 hours. With concentration of 6.25 mg/L of
C. procera alcoholic extract, the maximum time required for
mortality of 100% of worms was 3 hours after exposure.
Aqueous extract of the C. procerathe highest concentration
(25mg/L) caused the death of 93% of adult worms 48 hours.
Decreasing the concentration of the aqueous extract resulted in
reducing the mortality rate and reached to 11% after 48hrs of
exposure to 12.5 mg/L.
Furthermore, adult worms of S. mansoniwere died through
onehour after exposure to 60 mg/L of iron nanoparticles (55%
mortality), while after three hours of exposure 77% of the worms
were died. The mortality 100% was recorded at 4hours.
Decreasing the concentration of iron nanoparticles to 30 mg/ml
caused the death of 15% of adult worms after two hours, after
three hours of exposure 20% of worms were died. In addition, the maximum time resulted in death of 100% of the worms was four
hours.
The snails were exposed to progressive concentrations of
the aqueous stem extract and iron nanoparticles as follows:
Adult snails exposed to low concentration200 mg/L of
aqueous stem extract resulted 5% died of snails within 48 hours,
while, the highest concentration, 1800 mg/L caused 100%
mortality of the snailswithin 48 hours. However, snails exposed to
different concentrations of iron nanoparticles within 48 hours
showed a high mortality rate, 100 % of snails at concentration 40
mg/L.
The parasitological results showed that treating infected
mice with C. procera alcoholic and aqueous stem extracts
(therapeutic groups) resulted in more significant decrease in the
number oftotal worm burden, 43.7%,46.4%,respectively than
those treated in the alcoholic and aqueous (prophylactic groups).
Moreover, C. procera administration evoked considerable
reduction in the total number of ova/g liver and small intestine,
reached 60%, 50.7% in therapeutic alcoholic and aqueous groups,
respectively, and27.2%, 44% in prophylactic groups alcoholic and
aqueous, respectively. Inmice treated with Praziquantel orwith
half dose of Praziquantel combined with 300mg/kg body weight
of C. procera aqueous extract,the highest reductionsin worm burden (100% for both groups) and in the total number of ova/g
liver and small intestine (86.4% &97.4%, respectively) were
recorded in this study.
Histological tackling of the livers of the control untreated
mice (G.I) revealed that the hepatic tissue lost its normal
architecture due to the emergence of numerous granulomas. The
great majority of the hepatocytes manifested vacuolation and
necrosis, the nuclei of these cells manifested distinct changes
comprising pyknosis and karyolysis. Kupffer cells were
markedly hypertrophied and loaded with pigment, bounded with
intense inflammatory cell exudates. Meanwhile, treating
infected mice with C. procera alcoholic and aqueous extracts
pre and post-infection resulted in conspicuous suppression in
granulomatous formation, addition the recovery for the
hepatopathological changes caused by schistosomiasis which
include in significant hepatocytic vacuolation and slight
hypertrophy in kupffer cell.In groups treated with plant extracts
only, (either alcoholic or aqueous) reduction in the percentages
of granuloma number was 45.9%, 55.5%, 25.6%, 39%
respectively. While, the reduction in the percentages of
granuloma numbers werethe highest, 55.5%, 72.3% in the group
treated withPraziquantelandthattreated with half dose of
Praziquantelcombinedwith aqueous extract, respectively. Also,
the diameter of the liver granuloma was the highest in this study in group treated with half dose of Praziquantel combined with
aqueous extract, 31.4%.
Examining the worms using SEM showed that C. procera
administration caused injury to the attachment organs (suckers) of
the male schistosomes including deformation, contraction and
oedema. The tubercles were reduced in number, retracted and
disrupted. In addition, the spines decreased in number and
diminished. Oedema, ulcers, blebs and erosions were observed in
treated worms. Minor damages were observed in female,
including oedema and tegumental erosion.
Current study showed that the RAPD-PCR pattern of
schistosomal DNA of the control group slightly significant
difference from the pattern of C.procera treated groups.Similarity
coefficients were55% between alcoholic treated (G.II) and control
(G.I). While, the similarity coefficients were 61% between
aqueous treated (G.III) and (G.I). 42% similarity coefficients
between prophylactic aqueous (G.V) and (G.I). Moreover,
similarity coefficients were 53% between alcoholic treated (G.II)
and aqueous treated (G.III).47% were similarity coefficients
between alcoholic treated (G.II) and prophylactic aqueous (G.V).
In addition, similarity coefficients were 64%between aqueous
treated (G.III) and prophylactic aqueous (G.V).