الفهرس 
Chemical Studies
Chemical Studies for SedimentsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The distributions of natural radioactivity along El-Salam
Canal were calculated using a hyper pure germanium (HPGe)
detector. Four types of samples were investigated: water,
plant, soil and shore sediment samples.
15 water samples ,15 plant samples, 14 soil samples and
10 shore sediment samples were collected over the length of
El-Salam Canal from the intake west of the Suez Canal at kilo
219.000 on Damietta branch upstream Damietta Dam and
Lock where the canal is extended south east towards El-
Manzala Lake. Then the canal goes southward till it meets El-
Serw drain, samples were collected before and after El-Serw
drain. It further passes eastwards, then southwards to the
fringes of Al-Manzala Lake till it meets Hadous drain, samples
were also collected before Hadous drain and after the mixture
of El-Serw and Hadous drains. It runs eastward till the Suez
Canal at kilo 27.800 south of Port Said. The canal extends
finally, with a length of 62 km, in areas of Rabaa and Ber Al-
Abd that are of arenaceous nature which is the ending point of
the canal.
For water samples, the average activity concentration
values for naturally occurring radionuclides are within the
world average ranges, which are 7.56 ± 2.01(10-35), 3.42±
0.78(10-30) and 39.97 ± 4.44 (100-400) Bq/kg for 238U (226Ra),
232Th and 40K, respectively.
Relationships between the concentration of 238U (226Ra)
with both 232Th and 40K are weak correlation for water
samples, while there is a good correlation between 232Th and
40K. The averages of 238U/40K and 232Th/40K ratios are 0.32 and
0.08, respectively, the world averages for both quotients being
0.084 for 238U/40K and 0.10 for 232Th/40K.The 232Th/226Ra
activity ratio shows great scattering in the elemental
correlation curve because of the absence of some 232Th and
238U (226Ra) activities (under detection limits) for water
samples
The total hazard index (Hex+Hin) for water samples is
less than unity. The calculated values of Hex ranged from 0.003
± 0.001mSv/yr to 0.09 ± 0.009 mSv/yr with an average value
of 0.04 ± 0.01mSv/yr. The calculated values of Hin ranged
from 0.003 ± 0.001 mSv/yr to 0.14 ± 0.04 mSv/yr, with an
average value of 0.06 ± 0.01mSv/yr.
The radium equivalent values for the water samples
never exceeded the maximum allowed value for Raeq (370
Bq/kg). The Raeq ranged from 7.60 ± 6.05to 33.42 ±
6.39Bq/kg with a mean value of 11.67 ± 3.85 Bq/l.
The annual effective dose for water samples was ~ 0.09
mSv y-1, which is below the permissible dose equivalent of 1
mSv y-1 .
Iγr is ranged from 0.01 ± 0.002Bq/kg to 0.024± 0.031
Bq/kg with an average of 0.11 ± 0.02Bq/kg which is less
than unity.
For plant samples, The results indicate that the activity
concentration average values of naturally occurring
radionuclides in the plant samples are within the UNSCEAR
recommended world average values except for 40K which is
high., which are 13.6 (10-35), 11.9 (10-30) and 682.0 (100-
400) Bq/kg for 238U (226Ra), 232Th and 40K, respectively.
Relationships between the concentrations of 238U (226Ra),
232Th and40K for plant samples show some scatter in the
concentrations of 232Th and 238U versus the 40K content. The
concentrations of 232Th and 238U (226Ra) increase with increases
in the 40K content, also the scattering of the concentrations of
232Th and 238U to the 40K content increase. The average
of238U/40K and 232Th/40K ratios are 0.03and 0.02, respectively
which are within the UNSCEAR recommended world average
values.
The Raeq ranged from 48.75 ± 19.91to197.25 ±
33.93Bq/kg. The radium equivalent mean value for plant
samples was 70.75 ± 19.68 Bq/kg, which is within the
permissible limit of 370 Bq/kg.
The total hazard index (Hex+Hin) for plant samples is
less than unity. The calculated values of Hex ranged from 0.03
± 0.013mSv/yrto0.53 ± 0.033mSv/yr, with an average value of
0.22 ± 0.03mSv/yr. The calculated values of Hin ranged from
0.04 ± 0.013mSv/yr to 0.58 ± 0.046 mSv/yr, with an average
value of 0.26 ± 0.05 mSv/yr.
The annual effective dose for plant samples was ~ 0.6
mSv y-1, which is below the permissible dose equivalent of 1
mSv y-1.
Iγ is ranged from 0.09 ± 0.019Bq/kg to 1.54 ± 0.088
Bq/kg with an average of 0.66± 0.06Bq/kg .
For soil samples, The results indicate that the activity
concentration average values of naturally occurring
radionuclides in the collected soil samples were within the
world average ranges, which are 15.06 (10-35), 12.09 (10-30)
and 260.22(100-400) Bq/kg for 238U (226Ra), 232Th and 40K,
respectively.
The concentration correlations between (238U vs.40K) and
(232Th vs.40K) are positive with coefficients 0.76 and 0.65,
respectively. The average of 238U/40K and 232Th/40K ratios are
0.05and 0.04, respectively, which are within the UNSCEAR
recommended world average values .The 232Th/226Ra activity
ratio shows no scattering in the elemental correlation curve.
The total hazard index (Hex+Hin) for soil samples is less
than unity. The calculated values of Hex ranged from 0.03 ±
0.006 to 0.24 ± 0.013 mSv/yr, with an average value of 0.14 ±
0.01mSv/yr. The calculated values of Hin ranged from 0.03 ±
0.006 to 0.31 ± 0.017 mSv/yr, with an average value of 0.18 ±
0.01mSv/yr.
The Raeq ranged from 11.38 ± 5.07 to 89.09 ±
11.01Bq/kg. The radium equivalent mean value for soil
samples was 52.39 ± 9.11 Bq/kg, which is within the
permissible limit of 370 Bq/kg.
Iγ is ranged from 0.08 ± 0.018 Bq/kg to 0.66± 0.035
Bq/kg with an average of 0.40 ± 0.02Bq/kg which is less
than unity.
The annual effective dose for soil samples was ~ 0.2
mSv y-1, which is below the permissible dose equivalent of
1 mSv y-1.
For Shore Sediment samples, The results indicate that
the activity concentration average values of naturally
occurring radionuclides in the shore sediment samples are
within the world average values, which are 16.18 (10-35),
13.66 (10-30) and 264.42(100-400) Bq/kg for 238U (226Ra),
232Th and 40K, respectively .
There is good correlations between 238U (226Ra) with
both 232Th &40K and between 232Th &40K for shore sediment
samples. The averages of 238U/40K and 232Th/40K ratios are
0.051and 0.041, respectively. These results are within the
world average values recommended by .232Th/226Ra activity
ratio shows best fit in the elemental correlation curve.
The total hazard index (Hex+Hin) for shore sediment
samples is less than unity. The calculated values of Hex ranged
from 0.04 ± 0.005 mSv/yr to 0.29 ± 0.012 mSv/yr, with an
average value of 0.15 ± 0.01 mSv/yr the values of Hex of all
samples studied in this work are less than unity. The calculated
values of Hin ranged from 0.05 ± 0.005 mSv/yr to 0.38 ± 0.017
mSv/yr, with an average value of 0.19 ± 0.01 mSv/yr the
values of Hin of all samples studied in this work are less than
unity.
None of The radium equivalent values for shore sediment
samples ranged from 15.80 ± 5.59 to 109.53 ± 10.50 Bq/kg,
with an average of 56.06 ± 9.30 Bq/kg which is within the
permissible limit of 370 Bq/kg.
Iγ is ranged from 0.12 ± 0.011Bq/kg to 0.81±
0.033Bq/kg with an average of 0.42± 0.31Bq/kg which is
less than unity.
The annual effective dose for shore sediment samples was
~ 0.2 mSv y-1, which is below the permissible dose equivalent
of 1 mSv y-1.
The transfer factors (TF) for 238U, 232Th, are going to
unity 0.96, 0.98, respectively and for 40K is greater than unity
2.78, this due to the high concentration for 40K in plant
samples.
The chemical analyses of El-Salam Canal irrigation
water showed that the water from the chemical analyses view
permissible for plants. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR ) values
of El-Salam Canal water followed class 1, low sodium
hazards, use for sodium sensitive crops, whereas, the drainage
water was high sodium hazard for plants. Largest source of
salts in water of El-Salam Canal from Hadous drain water
because this drain contain highest salt , cations and anions
which is greater than the El-Serw drain.