الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Two separate experiments were conducted during winter seasons of 2013 and 2014 at the Experimental Farm of Agricultural Botany Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, North Cairo, Shoubra El-Kheima under non-saline soil conditions (ECe 1.9 dSm-1) and at Sahl El-Tina, Northwestern part of Sinai, under saline soil conditions (ECe 17.9 dSm-1). In order to examine the suitability of potential use of two cultivars of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) cv. Hualhuas and CICA, as a new non-traditional leafy vegetable crop in Egypt, in comparison with spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) plant, cv. Balady which well known as a popular winter leafy vegetable crop. The experiments were set in a randomized complete blocks design with 4 replicates. Plant vegetative growth, yield and leaf chemical analysis as well as leaf minerals concentrations for young plants harvested randomly at 40 and 60 days after sowing date.
The obtained results could be summarized as follow:
1. Plants grown under non-saline soil conditions
- Quinoa cultivar CICA was superior than Hualuas and spinach cultivars in all investigated vegetative growth parameters as well as yield in both seasons.
- Quinoa plants of CICA cultivar harvested after 40 days from sowing date, gave significantly the highest values of all studied parameters followed by Hualuas in both seasons. Except for the average of leaf area in both seasons, whereas, spinach plant gave the higher significant values of average leaf area.
- Quinoa cultivar CICA gave significantly the heaviest plant and yield followed by spinach and then quinoa cultivar Hualhuas in the first and second seasons. Without significant difference between spinach and quinoa cultivar Hualhuas.
- Quinoa plants of CICA cultivar harvested after 60 days from sowing were significantly recorded the highest values of all studied parameters compared with Hualuas and spinach plants in both seasons.
- Spinach plants gave significantly the highest values of leaf area and leaves fresh and dry weights/plant in relative to quinoa cultivars CICA and Hualuas.
- Significant differences were noticed among the three studied plants (Hualhuas, CICA and spinach) in the first season on plant length, number of leaves/plant, stem fresh and dry weights/plant, plant fresh weight and yield but in the second season on plant length, leaves fresh weight/plant plant fresh weight and yield.
- Quinoa plant of CICA yielded the heaviest plant and yield harvested at 60 days after seeding followed significantly by Hualhuas and then by spinach plants in both seasons.
- Quinoa Hualhuas cultivar recorded the highest values of chlorophyll a and carotenoids in the first season, while, in the second season it gave the highest values of all leaf pigmenst concentrations (chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids) followed by spinach plant Balady cultivar in both seasons.
- Quinoa cultivar CICA harvested after 40 and 60 days, gave the lowest significant values for leaf pigment concentrations (chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids) in both seasons.
- No significant differences detected between spinach and Hualhuas plants harvested after 60 days on chlorophyll a and carotenoids in the first season and on chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids in the second season.
- Quinoa cultivars Hualhuas and CICA showed the higher significant values for the percentages of ash, crude fat and crude protein than spinach plant.
- Spinach plants harvested after 40 days gave the highest percentage of crude fiber in both seasons.
- Quinoa plants of CICA cultivar gave the highest values of the percentages of ash, crude fiber, fat and protein in the second season compared to Hualhuas and spinach plants.
- Spinach plants showed the highest significant value of total soluble carbohydrates followed by quinoa Hualhuas and CICA cultivars.
- No significant differences were noticed among the three studied plants harvested after 60 days during the first season. However, CICA plants gave the highest significant value followed by Hualhuas them spinach in the second season, without significant difference between spinach and Hualhuas.
- Hualhuas cultivar harvested after 40 and 60 days recorded significantly the highest values of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids concentrations as well as the percentage of antioxidant activity followed by CICA cultivar and then by spinach plants.
- Quinoa plants were superior than spinach plants in relation to phenolic compounds and flavonoids concentrations as well as the percentage of antioxidant activity.
- Spinach plant recorded the highest values of nitrate and nitrite concentrations followed by CICA cultivar, whereas, Hualhuas cultivar recorded the lowest values.
- No significant differences were noticed among the three studied plants (Hualhuas, CICA and spinach) harvested after 40 and 60 days from seeding in relation to their oxalate concentration in both seasons of study.
- Spinach plants harvested at 60 days after sowing showed the highest values of nitrate and nitrite concentrations compared to quinoa plants in both seasons. Except for the level of nitrite concentration in the second season only. Whereas, Hualhuas plant recorded the highest value of nitrite concentration.
- Quinoa cultivar Hualhuas was better than CICA and spinach cultivars, since it gave the highest values of phenolic compounds, flavonoid concentrations and the antioxidant activity in both seasons of study as well as the lowest values of nitrate and nitrite concentrations as anti-nutritional factors.
- The superiority of the three studied plants was fluctuated regarding their leaf minerals concentrations.
- Hualhuas cultivar recorded the highest values of N, Ca, Mg Mn and Cu in the first season and N, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn in the second season. Also, it recorded the lowest vales of K, Fe and Zn in the first season and Na, Zn and Cu in the second season.
- CICA cultivar gave the highest values of K in the second season. In addition, it gave the lowest values of Na and Mn in the first season, and Mg and Fe in the second season.
- Spinach plant recorded the highest values for K, Na, Fe and Zn in the first season, and Na, Zn and Cu in the second season. While, it recorded the lowest values for N, Ca and Mg in the first season, and N, Ca and Mn in the second season.
- The percentage of Ca was higher in Hualhuas cultivar followed insignificantly by CICA cultivar and significantly by spinach, in both seasons. The percentage of Na was significantly higher in spinach in both seasons than Hualhuas and CICA. Fe concentration was insignificantly higher in spinach cultivar followed by CICA and Hualhuas in the first season. While, in the second season Hualhuas recorded the highest value followed by spinach and CICA. Concerning Zn concentration, it was higher in spinach than CICA cultivar and Hualhuas cultivar in both seasons.
- Plants of Hualhuas, CICA and spinach harvested after 60 days from sowing date showed insignificant differences among them in the first season for N, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Cu and for Mg and Cu in the second season.
- Significant differences were noticed among the three studied plants harvested after 60 days concerning to Ca, Fe and Mn in the second season.
- Spinach plants were the superior than quinoa plants (Hualhuas and CICA) in Na, Zn, Mn and Cu during the first season and in Na, Fe, Zn and Mn during the second season.
2. Plants grown under saline soil conditions
- Quinoa cultivar CICA was superior than Hualuas and spinach cultivars in all investigated vegetative growth parameters and yield in both seasons.
- Quinoa plants of CICA cultivar grown under saline soil conditions and harvested after 40 and 60 days from sowing date, gave significantly the highest values of all vegetative growth parameters followed by Hualuas plants in most cases.
- Except for the average of leaf area in both seasons, whereas, spinach plant gave the higher significant values of average leaf area than quinoa cultivars.
- CICA plants harvested after 40 and 60 days gave significantly the heaviest plant and yield followed significantly by quinoa cultivar Hualhuas and then by spinach Balady cultivar in both seasons.
- Spinach plants harvested after 40 and 60 days gave the highest values of all leaf pigmenst concentrations (chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids) in the first and second seasons followed by Hualhuas in the first season and CICA in the second season. Without significant differences between quinoa cultivars.
- Under saline soil conditions, quinoa cultivars (Hualhuas and CICA) showed the highest significant values for the percentages of ash than spinach plant in both seasons.
- Quinoa plants of Hualhuas and CICA were recorded significantly the best values for the percentages of ash and crude fat compared with spinach plants when plants grown under saline soil conditions and harvested after 60 days from seeding.
- Hualhuas showed the highest values for the percentages of crude fat followed significantly by spinach in both seasons of study.
- Spinach plants harvested after 40 and 60 days recorded the highest values for the percentage of crude fiber compared with quinoa cultivars in both seasons.
- Spinach plant harvested after 40 and 60 days showed the highest significant value of total soluble carbohydrate followed by Hualhuas and by CICA in both seasons.
- It seems that spinach plants may be tend to use total soluble carbohydrates to adjust the osmotic potential to cope with saline conditions.
- Quinoa plants were the superior than spinach plants in relation to phenolic compounds and flavonoids concentrations as well as the percentage of antioxidant activity.
- Hualhuas plants harvested after 40 days recorded significantly the highest values of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids concentrations and the percentage of antioxidant activity followed insignificantly by CICA cultivar and significantly by spinach in both seasons of 2013 and 2014.
- Spinach plants harvested after 40 days recorded the highest values of nitrate and nitrite concentrations followed by Hualhuas cultivar and then by CICA cultivar in both seasons. Except for nitrite concentration in the second season whereas, Hualhuas cultivar recorded the highest value followed by spinach and by CICA.
- Significant differences were detected among the three studied plants (Hualhuas, CICA and spinach) grown under saline conditions and harvested after 40 days on the level of nitrite (NO2) concentration in the first season.
- No significant differences were detected among the three studied plants (Hualhuas, CICA and spinach) on the level of nitrate (NO3) and nitrite (NO2) concentrations in the second season.
- CICA plants recorded the lowest values of nitrate (NO3) and nitrite (NO2) concentrations in both seasons.
- The oxalate concentration was higher in Hualhuas cultivar than spinach and CICA plants in both seasons.
- Young quinoa plants of CICA (40 days old) grown under saline conditions, recorded the lowest values of anti-nutritional factors (nitrate, nitrite and oxalic acid concentrations).
- Spinach plants grown under saline conditions and harvested after 60 days showed the highest values of nitrate (NO3) and nitrite (NO2) concentrations compared to quinoa plants of Hualhuas and CICA cultivars in both seasons.
- Spinach plants showed a significant difference with quinoa plants (Hualhuas and CICA) relating to its concentration of oxalic acid in the first season. While, in the second season a significant difference was noticed only between spinach and CICA plants.
- The oxalate concentration was higher in spinach plants followed by Hualhuas and then by CICA in both seasons.
- There were significant differences among the three studied plants (Hualhuas, CICA and spinach) in connection with their leaf minerals concentrations of Ca and Fe in the first and second season.
- The three studied plants (Hualhuas, CICA and spinach) displayed no significant differences among them concerning concentrations of K and Cu in the first season and N, P, K, Zn and Cu in the second season.
- Hualhuas cultivar recorded the highest values of P and Ca, in the first season. Also, recorded the lowest values of N, Na and Cu in the first season and K, Na and Mn in the second season.
- CICA cultivar gave the highest values of Mg in the first season and K, Ca and Mg in the second season. In addition, it gave the lowest values of Fe, Zn and Mn in the first season, and Fe, Zn and Cu in the second season.
- Spinach plant recorded the highest values of N, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in the first season, and Na, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu in the second season. While, it recorded the lowest values for Ca and Mg in the first and second seasons.
- The percentage of Ca was higher in Hualhuas cultivar followed significantly by CICA and spinach in the first season. While, in the second season, the percentage of Ca was higher in CICA cultivar followed insignificantly by Hualhuas and significantly by spinach.
- The percentage of Na was higher in spinach followed significantly by CICA and Hualhuas in both seasons. Without a significant difference between quinoa cultivars.
- Fe concentration was significantly higher in spinach cultivar followed significantly by Hualhuas and CICA in both seasons. Without a significant difference between quinoa cultivars in the first season only.
- Concerning Zn concentration, it was higher in spinach followed insignificantly by Hualhuas in both seasons. Then followed significantly by CICA cultivar in the first season and insignificantly by the same cultivar CICA in the second season.
- Plants of Hualhuas, CICA and spinach grown under saline soil conditions at Sahl El-Tina and harvested after 60 days showed significant differences among them in the first season for Ca, Mg and Mn and for N, P, Na and Mn in the second season.
- Also, insignificant differences were noticed among the three studied plants concerning to their concentrations of Zn in the first and second seasons and Cu in the first season only).
- Hualhuas cultivar recorded the highest values of Mg and Cu in the first season and P and Mg in the second season. Also, it recorded the lowest vales of N and Fe in the first season and Cu in the second season.
- CICA cultivar gave the highest values of N, Ca and Zn in the first season and N, K, Ca, Zn and Cu in the second season. In addition, it gave the lowest values of Mn and Cu in the first season, and Na, Fe and Mn in the second season.
- Spinach plant recorded the highest values for K, Na, Fe and Mn in the first season, and Na, Fe and Mn in the second season. While, it recorded the lowest values for P, Ca, Mg and Zn in the first season, and N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Zn in the second season.
- The percentage of Ca was higher in CICA cultivar followed significantly by Hualhuas and spinach, in the first season. While, in the second season, the percentage of Ca was higher in CICA cultivar followed insignificantly by Hualhuas and significantly by spinach.
- The percentage of Na was higher in spinach followed significantly by CICA and Hualhuas, in the first season. Without a significant difference between quinoa cultivars. While in the second season, the percentage of Na was higher in spinach followed significantly by Hualhuas and CICA.
- Fe concentration it was higher in spinach cultivar followed significantly CICA and by Hualhuas in the first season. While in the second season, Fe concentration was higher in spinach cultivar followed significantly Hualhuas and CICA. Without a significant difference between quinoa cultivars in both seasons.
- Zn concentration, it was higher in CICA followed insignificantly Hualhuas and spinach in the first and second seasons.