الفهرس 
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Abstract
Decay of woody and crop trees by basidiomycete fungi represents a serious problem affects its economic value, especially in Nile Delta of Egypt but this serious problem is under-researched. Basidiomycetes inhabiting trees were surveyed in eight sites in three governorates of North-East Delta region (Damietta, Dakahlia and Kafr El-Shiekh) during autumn and winter seasons of 2013-2014. Basidiocarps were collected from decayed trees, environmental conditions, surrounding habitat were investigated. Collected fruit bodies were isolated into pure cultures and then used for identification of basidiomycetes using keys of morphological characters. Seventy trees infections were recorded, Ganoderma spp. were the most abundant species (38.57%) followed by Bjerkandera audsta and Inonotus rickii (20%). Highest species diversity was found in Damietta fruit farms (Site A, Simpson index: 0.597) followed by Dakahlia fruit farms (Site E, Simpson index: 0.925). Casuarina showed the highest record of woody trees inhabiting basidiomyces (44.8%), while lemon and Mango trees recorded the highest significant infection across fruit trees (13.4 %, for both). Sequencing of rDNA-ITS2 region was applied to confirm identification, nine basidiomycete species were belonging to eight genera were recorded. Two of these species appeared to be new to science; the first was a Ganoderma species found fruiting mostly on dead lemon trees and the second (UN63) found on date palm was an unusual species close to Merulopsis sp and Ceraceomyces sp and referred as Phanerochaetaceae sp.
The new strain of Ganoderma was subjected for further research as barcoding of full rDNA-ITS region and nuclear specific genes (beta-tubulin and EF1α), culture characteristics and scanning electron microscopy of basidiospores. Genetic analysis revealed that the new species forming annual basidiocarps in the early autumn period only which differed from G. resinaceum (forming perennial basidiocarps). Axenic cultures were studied and found to exhibit optimal and maximal growth temperature of 33°C and 39°C, ca. 3°C higher than G. resinaceum. SEM showed warty projections on the inner wall of the basidiospore which is a feature not previously reported. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this species had a novel ITS sequence and we named this new species Ganoderma damiettense.
Four species of wood decay fungi (collected from living or dead trees during the survey of the study) belonging to four different families of order polyporales were examined for their ligninolytic capabilities. Growth on ash sawdust was monitored by quantification of ergosterol and laccase/peroxidase activities using the model substrate ABTS. Two species (Megasporoporia minor MG65 & Ganoderma resinaceum GR33) from the polyporoid clade of order Polyporales exhibited faster growth and greater enzymatic activity than the other two isolates (Emmia latemarginata EM26& Phanerochaetacea sp. UN63) from the phlebioid clade but these differences were not reflected in dry weight loss of wood. Cellophane strips impregnated Remazol Brilliant Blue dye and MnCl2 impregnated plates were used to show the distinctive spatiotemporal patterns for the four species.
Next-generation sequencing presents a useful and efficient workflow to identify fungi at the genus and species level without requiring specialized expert knowledge. We investigated the composition and diversity of fungal communities in the atmosphere using Life Technologies Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM). Aerosols from three sites of Damietta district at Egypt with different habitat (A: Lemon Orchards, B: University garden and C: Roof of My home) were studied and compared with the aerosols of other three sites in Aberystwyth at UK (D: Penglais garden, E: Roof of Cledwyn Building and F: Llanbadarn garden). The fungal community of the sampled aerosols included mainly genera of the phyla Ascomycetes and Basidiomycota. Genera of class Agaricomycetes and order Agaricales were the most abundant class in Basidiomycota for all studied samples. In Damietta aerosols, the higher abundance of basidiomycetes were observed in aerosols of the University garden and lemon orchards (34.4 and 30.9%, respectively). OTU47, Graphiola, Ustilago, Puccinia and Clavaria were the commonest genera of airborne basidiomycetes. Site A of Lemon orchards had the highest diversity of fungal taxa (8.98 and 3.14for Simpson and Shannon indices respectively). For Aberystwyth, the higher abundance of basidiomycetes was observed in Llanbadarn garden samples (54.0%). Genera of Claveraria, OTU 3305, Ramariopsis, Puccinia, Heterobasidion and Hygrocybe were the abundant basidiomycetes. Aerosols of site F (Llanbadarn garden) had the highest diversity of fungal taxa (16.5 and 3.3 for Simpson and Shannon indices, respectively). Abundance estimations from sequencing data were significantly correlated with counted abundances through light microscopy. Lemon orchards aerosols showed the highest abundance of different white rot genera in Damietta sites and Bjerkandera recorded the highest abundance (0.19%). On the other hand, Pengalis garden samples showed the highest abundance of different white rot genera in Aberystwyth sites and Heterobasidion recorded the highest abundance (1.47%). Finally, control precautions and protection managements against the wood decay of trees were suggested.
Key word: basidiomycete fungi-wood decay-white rot- Ganoderma.