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العنوان
Star Pattern in the Mamluk Art
648-923 A.H./1250-1517 AD /
المؤلف
Maḥmūd, Suhaīylah Musṭafā.
هيئة الاعداد
باحث / Suha?ylah Mus?af? Ma?m?d
مشرف / A?mad ?Abd al-R?ziq A?mad
مشرف / Mo?ammad Ibr?h?m ?Al?
مناقش / Mo?ammad Ibr?h?m ?Al?
تاريخ النشر
2015.
عدد الصفحات
2Vol: 859 p. :
اللغة
الإنجليزية
الدرجة
ماجستير
التخصص
علم الآثار (الآداب والعلوم الإنسانية)
تاريخ الإجازة
1/1/2015
مكان الإجازة
جامعة عين شمس - كلية الآداب - قسم الارشاد السياحى
الفهرس
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Abstract

Star patterns are considered among the most complicated and beautiful forms of geometric patterns besides being an applied artistic secret handicraft which was inherited by the craftsmen to his son. It comprises three main elements: central star (tirs), lozenge (lawzāt) and hexagon (kindāt) in addition to various secondary elements like: crow’s nest (baīyt ġurāb), irregular decagon (narğisah), octagonal pattern (tāsūmah), pentagon (maḫmūs), double arrowheads (ḫinğar), quadrangular pattern (saqṭ), cover of quadrangular pattern (ġiṭāʼ al-saqṭ), regular hexagon (musaddas), heptagon (musabbaʻ), triangles, rhombus (muʻayyan), (5) pointed star (nuğūm ḫumāsīyah), (7) pointed star and (9) pointed star.
A similar form of this kind of ornament was found from the New Kingdom, particularly during the 18th century on a Hassock attributed to king Tutankhamun. It is decorated with what looks like a rosette in the form of (16) pointed star pattern surrounded by (16) lozenges. Then it firstly appeared in Islam on marble window grille from the Great mosque of Damascus (87-96 A.H./706-714 AD.) and was still in complete form of star pattern. Then it appeared on the stucco window grilles of the mosque of Aḥmad Ibn Ṭūlūn (263-265 A.H./876-879 AD.) and the soffit of the arches of its arcade.
Assembled wooden panels appeared as a beginning for complete star pattern on the miḥrāb al-Saīyedah Nafīsah (532-541 A.H./1137-1147 AD.) and the miḥrāb of al-Saīyedah Ruqaīyah (549-555 A.H./1154-1160 AD.) and it was still in complete form of star pattern. It composes of a central star surrounded by regular hexagons and other various geometric designs. Star pattern
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appeared as a complete clear form by the end of the Fāṭimid period on the minbar of Nūr al-Dīn (564 A.H./1168 AD.) which was later on donated by Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn to al-Aqṣā mosque. Then on the wooden baldachin of al-Imām al-Šāfʻī (574 A.H./1178 AD.) and the wooden baldachin of al-Ṣāliḥ Nağm al-Dīn Aīyyūb. Thus complete star patterns appeared in Greater Syria before Egypt.
By the beginning of the Baḥarī Mamluk period, the Muslim artist perfected in designing star patterns on wood, metal, glass, marble, and stucco. Its representation was very rare on stone in comparison with other materials. Star pattern reached its perfection on wood more than any other material. There was a noteworthy evolution of star patterns on wood since the minbar of Lāğīn (696 A.H./1296 AD.) uptill the end of the Circassian Mamluk period on the minbar of the madrasah of l-Ġawrī (909-910 A.H./1504-1505 AD.). There was no remarkable evolution of star patterns on metal objects.
It also developed on marble since the beginning of the Baḥarī Mamluk period on the miḥrāb of the mausoleum of al-Manṣūr Qalāwūn (683-684 A.H./1284-1285 AD.) uptill the end of the Circassian Mamluk period on the miḥrāb of the madrasah of al-Ġawrī. On stucco, there was no remarkable evolution of star patterns in using the linking elements as in the stucco light screen on the window of the mausoleum of Qalāwūn is decorated with (10) pointed star pattern and its halves connected by linking elements which are not used later on the stucco window grille with colored glass in the madrasah of al-Ġawrī.
There are many methods for drawing star patterns according to the required number of points of the central star on the object either it is (8), (10), (12), (14), (16), (18), or (20). Usually the artist used a pencil for drawing his design on a piece of paper
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according to the applied area on the object then to copy this design on the object. Techniques of applying star patterns on any object vary according to the used material. For instance on wood, assembled panels technique was followed to design star patterns. Concerning the decorative techniques on wood, carving on two dimensions was used on the wooden panels to make floral motifs and marquetry technique was used as well.
On metal, casting technique was used to make star pattern plaques like on plated doors in addition to carving and incising were used on other metal objects like tables, ewers and bowls ….etc. It was also executed on stucco by carving and cutting and on glass by drawing and adding enameling and gilding.
This thesis comprises two volumes: the first is for the analytic study of star patterns on various objects. It is divided into Introduction, preface, four chapters, conclusion, list of figures, list of plates and list of Bibliography.
The First chapter displays the main and secondary elements of star pattern, different forms of star patterns and suggestion of some scholars for drawing star patterns.
The second chapter covers some examples of objects which are decorated with star patterns; by stating different forms of star patterns and alluding to some examples of these forms. In addition to comparing between the forms of star patterns on these examples and the secondary linking elements between them.
The third chapter examines the fabrication techniques of designing star patterns on various materials and the decorative techniques inside the star pattern elements. The chapter is divided according to the used material.
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The fourth chapter displays the internal decorations of star pattern elements and it is divided according to the kinds of ornaments either it is floral, geometric designs, blazons, inscriptions or human beings.
This chapter is accompanied by the conclusion which includes the most important results obtained from the research, if there was an evolution in designing star patterns or not either regarding to its number of points or to the used linking elements. Moreover some linking elements are used on some materials and are not used on others. In addition to the star pattern dimensions regarding its diameter which varies according to the used object. For instance the diameter of star pattern on qurʼān kursī is usually less than that on minbars and even star patterns on marble are smaller than those on qurʼān kursī and minbars.
Concerning the second volume, it is consecrated to the descriptive study of star patterns on various objects in details by stating the object’s date and the place of its conservation and if it was restored or not and stating the most important references which referred to this object.