الفهرس | Only 14 pages are availabe for public view |
Abstract Smoking is considered as a major risk factor for several major diseases. The majority of patients enrolled in treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs) also use tobacco with reported rates ranges from 80% to 97%, which is significantly higher than the smoking rate in the general population. Attempts to explain the relationship between nicotine and the use of other substances have involved conceptual models including, biological vulnerabilities due to nicotine during adolescents, common neural pathways, substrates, and dysregulation contributing to addiction, and pharmacological interactions between drugs potentially increasing their reinforcing properties. Moreover, tobacco is often the first drug used by young people who later use alcohol, cannabis and other drugs, thus tobacco has been conceptualized as a ‘gateway drug’ which precedes the initiation and subsequent problematic use of other substances. Key words: Tobacco, SUD, Nicotine, Smoking,Motivation |