الفهرس 
LITERATURE REVIEWOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 235 |  |  |
| | | from | 235 | | |
Abstract
The aim of this work was isolation, screening, and identification of fungal isolates had ability to produce biodiesel and studying the effect of different conditions on the quantity and quality of the biodiesel
The obtained results could be summarized at the following points:
1. Thirty- six fungal isolates were isolated from soil samples, collected from different locations in Egypt. The samples were collected from five areas Giza (2 samples), Assiut (2 samples) and El-Menia (1 sample).
2. Twenty five different fungal isolates were chosen out of 36 fungal isolates that qualitative screened by growing on basal medium without carbon source and using Nile Red stain was used for ability to bind with the lipid particles produced inside the cells and could be detected by fluorescence microscope.
3. Five fungal isolates were selected out of 25 isolates that quantitative screened for biomass yield and high biodiesel production. These isolates were named (A4, B4, C1, D10, and E1) according different locations.
4. Gas chromatography was used for fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) analysis of the tested isolates (A4, B4, C1, D10, and E1) and C1 isolate was the best biodiesel producer followed by D10.
5. Gas chromatography analysis for FAMEs of C1 isolate revealed presence of 20.0% palmitic acid, 4.7% stearic acid, 13.8% oleic acid, 32% linoleic acid, 1.8% α-linolenic acid, and 16.1% arachidonic acid. While for D10 isolate were 2.2% palmitoleic acid, 11.1% oleic acid, 5.6% linoleic acid, 3.0% α-linoleic acid, 2.5% eicosatrienoic acid, 6.8% eicosapentaenoic acid, 16.1% erucic acid, 4.2% margaric acid, and 3.9% behenic acid.
6. The best producing fungal isolates C1 and D10 were identified according to morphological characteristics and molecular biology methods and designated Penicillium commune NRC 2016 with accession number KU752217 and Fusarium oxysporum NRC 2017 with accession number MF62208 respectively.
7. The results of the best environmental parameters for P. commune NRC 2016 and F. oxysporum NRC 2017 on growth rate and lipid production were the initial pH 7.0 and 5.0, incubation temperature 20 and 30°C, after five and nine days of incubation time in a static condition for both the fungal identified isolates respectively.
8. The results of the best nutritional parameters investigation for P. commune NRC 2016 and F. oxysporum NRC 2017 on growth rate and lipid production reported that a basal liquid medium was the most suitable medium for lipid production with xylose as carbon source and peptone and yeast extract for the first and second strain respectively as nitrogen source.
9. Six types of Agro-industrial waste products (breaking rice, wheat bran, rice straw, corn stalk, sweet sorghum, and bagasse) were used as semi-solid fermentation for P. commune NRC 2016 and F. oxysporum NRC 2017 growth and lipid production. The highest lipid accumulation (99.1 mg/g) was obtained with the first identified isolate in presence of sweet sorghum. While in case of the second identified isolate the high lipid production (98.3 mg/g) was in presence of baggase as compared with the other wastes. F. oxysporum NRC 2017 could be grown on all the tested waste in contrast P. commune NRC 2016.
10. Lipids were extracted from P. commune NRC 2016 and F. oxysporum NRC 2017 cells with chloroform: methanol (2:1 v/v) and determined by Sulfo-phospho-vanillin reagent (SPV). These fungal lipids were showed high lipid content >40 and 50% respectively.
11. Transesterification reaction for lipid was performed by using methanol to lipid 60:1 molar and HCl as a catalyst at concentration 8% by wt fungal lipid, washed five times with petroleum ether: diethyl ether (80:20 v/v) and H2O at the same volume. The solvent was evaporated in a rotary evaporator leaving the residue containing the FAMEs.
12. Biodiesel obtained from P. commune NRC 2016 and F. oxysporum NRC 2017 were blended with petroleum diesel at 5% ’’B5’’.
13. The physical properties of the blending biodiesel for each P. commune NRC 2016 and F. oxysporum NRC 2017 was determined and the obtained results were: density 0.8 and 0.8 g/ml, viscosity 2.1 and 2.6 mm2/s, flash point 77.0 and 85.8°C, cloud point -1.5 and 0°C, iodine value 42.3 and 92.7 gI2/100 g, acid value 2.1 and 1.6 mg/g, pour point -1.7 and
-1.3°C and cetane number 47.8 and 32.9 min respectively.