الفهرس 
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Abstract
This experiment was carried out at Poultry Breeding Farm, poultry production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University. The main goals of the present study were evaluating some productive traits of some local breeds (Fayoumi, Dandarawi and Sinai) under heat stress condition, and estimated relationship between heat tolerance and gene expression of heat shock protein for three Egyptian breeds before and after introducing Naked neck gene .
The main results obtained could be summarized as follows.
1.Parent stock
1.1. Body weight (males and females)
Live body weight of Fayoumi breed was significantly heavier body weight compared to Sinai and Dandarawi breeds at different ages in both sex. Also, that control group was significantly heavier from treatment group at different ages. So, all type interactions were significantly.
1.2. Body measurements(males and females)
All body measurements (keel length, shank length, body depth, tibia length and comb and wattle length) in both sexes were measured for found that Fayoumi breed was significant compared to Sinai and Dandarawi breeds in such trait at different ages. Likewise, the interaction between breed and treatment and ages for body measurements at different of ages were insignificant.
1.3. Maturation measurement
The results showed that Sinai female reached sexual maturity earlier than Fayoumi and Dandarawi breed by about 3 days, but the difference was not significantly between breeds. However, found that Fayoumi breed was high significant keel length compared to Dandarwi and Sinai ones. But, that Sinai breed was significant in shank length, tibia length, body length and wattle and comb length compared to Fayoumi and Dandarwi ones.
1.4. Laying performance
1.4.1. Egg mass
Means of the egg mass during first 90 days of laying were significantly increased from Fayoumi and Dandarawi breed compared to Sinai ones. Similar trend was realized during the first 150 days of production, but the difference was not significant.
1.4.2. Egg broken
Means of broken eggs percentage was significant decrease in Fayoumi breed at the first 90 and 150 days of laying period when compared to Dandarawi and Sinai ones.
1.5. Heat measurements
1.5.1. Respiratory rate
The results showed that the male Fayoumi breed was high significant at different ages compared to Sinai and Dandarwi ones. But, the female showed that Sinai breed was significant compared to Fayoumi and Dandarwi ones.
1.5.2. Rectal temperature
Rectal temperature of Sinai, Dandarawi and Fayoumi for parent stock was not a significant effect of breeds and treatment.
1.6. Egg quality measurements
1.6.1. Internal egg quality
Sinai eggs significant increased Haugh units compared to Fayoumi and Dandarawi ones. Also, the control group was significant increased compared to heat treatment. But, Fayoumi breed was higher yolk index and yolk weight and percentage compared to Sinai and Dandarawi breeds. Furthermore, the treatment effect and interaction were not significant. So, Fayoumi and Dandarwawi breed significantly increased albumen weight compared to Sinai ones. The same trend, Albumen percentage for Fayoumi eggs were significant increase compared to Dandarawi and Sinai ones. There is slightly increasing difference between control groups compared to heat group.
1.6.2. External egg quality
The deference to specific gravity of breeds and treatment were not significant. However, the deference to shell strength of breeds and heat treatment was not significant. There was no significant difference between the breeds and treatment. However, shell thickness without membrane there is a unintentional effect of the parents, the treatment, and interaction between them. So, the effect of wet shell weight was no significant difference between breeds and treatment. The effect of dry shell weight was no significant difference between breeds and treatment. Shell index with membrane and without membrane, the effect not significant on the breed and the treatment and interaction between them. The effect of egg size was not significant on the breed and the treatment and interaction between them.
2. Off spring flock (genotype groups)
2.1. Body weight
Body weight at one day of age was observed that both Sinai and Sinai Nana heavier significantly compared with residual genotype. However, Fayoumi Nana and Sinai Nana had significantly heavier body weights compared with residual genotype in 2, 4 and 6 weeks of age. Likewise, males had significantly heavier body weights than females at all studied ages (except at hatching).
2.2. Body measurements
Body measurement (keel length, shank length, and tibia length and body depth) and comb and wattles length during growth period for genotype breeds were measured at 4 weeks of age revealed that Fayoumi breed had significantly longer keel length, Fayoumi and Fayoumi Nana breed showed significantly longer shank length, body depth, and showed that the effect of Tibia length of the breed was greater in Fayoumi,Sinai , Fayoumi Nana. The results showed that the effect of comb and wattle length is significant on the breeds and treatments.
2.3. Heat stress measurement and organs weight
2.3.1. Heat stress measurement
The effect of the rectal temperature is significant on the breeds and treatment and no significant of interaction between them. It could be noticed that Fayoumi Nana and Sinai Nana and Dandarawi Nana were high significant compared with normal breeds. Moreover, the effect of respiratory rate is significant on the treatment and breeds and no significant the interaction between them.
2.3.2. Organs weight under heat stress
The effect of body weight is high significant in Sinai Nana compared genotype. Also, the affect significant on genotype in kidney, lungs, heart and brain. It could be observed that normal breeds were higher in organs weight compared with genotype.
2.4. Gene expression
Gene expression of Hsp70 was highly significant for Dandarawi breed followed by Fayoumi and Sinai ones for groups subjected to heat stress. As for CPT.1 gene expression, it was highly significant in Dandarawi breed when compared with Fayoumi or Sinai ones under heat stress circumstances. While, introducing the naked neck gene into these local breeds to occurs (resulted in) an increase in gene expression of all breeds handled in this study. This increase in gene expression was highly significant in Dandarawi naked neck and Sinai naked neck genotype when compared with Fayoumi naked neck genotype. The last all results can be concluded that the introducing naked neck gene into these local breeds caused a remarkable increase in gene expression, but this increase was not significant between different naked neck genotypes.