الفهرس 
Review of LiteratureOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
Abstract
DM is a growing public health concern and a common chronic metabolic disease worldwide. It is characterized by hyperglycaemia due to a total or relative lack of insulin secretion and insulin resistance or both. WHO has recently declared it to be a pandemic. Attention has been focused on the relationship between production of activated oxygen species and DM. DM has been shown to be a state of increased free radical production. Thus, sustained hyperglycemia and increased oxidative stress are the major players in the development of secondary complications in diabetes.
Various inflammatory diseases and soft tissue pathologies in oral cavities are associated with DM. Together with disturbed orientation and inclination of tongue papillae with distortion of taste buds.
The major concern in diabetes is increased oxidative stress. Therefore, dietary supplementation with antioxidants such as vitamins, and flavonoids such as garlic and onion has been used in attempts to prevent the occurrence of many diabetic complications.
So the aim of this study was to assess the possible effect of onion & garlic in comparison with insulin: in reducing the complications that diabetic patients may suffer through examination of lingual papillae of diabetic albino rats.
Fifty male albino rats of average weight 200- 250gm were used in this study. They were divided as follows:
1) Control group (CG):
Rats were injected with citrate buffer intraperitonial (i.p.) for one time at the beginning of the study.
2) The untreated diabetic group (DG):
40 Rats were injected with STZ (50 mg/kg of body weight) i.p. for one time at the beginning of the study).
Ten diabetic rats remained untreated, while the remaining 30 rats were treated as follows:
3) The Insulin treated group (IG):
Diabetic rats was administered a subcutaneous injection of insulin for 21 days.
4) The Garlic treated group (GG):
Diabetic rats received an oral daily dose of garlic water suspension for 21 days.
5) The Onion treated group (OG):
Diabetic rats received an oral daily dose of onion water suspension for 21 days.
At the end of the experiment, tongues were immediately dissected, equally divided and prepared for:
• H&E routine examination.
• SEM examination.
The H&E results of this study revealed evidence of histological changes of tongue papillae of diabetic untreated rats as the most of filiform papillae appeared shortened with rounded tips. Also there were thinning and separation of keratin layer in some areas with no obvious secondary papillae. Intracellular vaculations were also seen. Fungiform papillae lost their characteristic appearance and showed rounded edges with narrow dorsal surface and wide base. And shrunken and distorted taste buds. Circumvallate papillae were most affected with apparent discontinuity of epithelium, distortion of taste buds, widening of the trough and presence of inflammatory cells in the underlying CT. Also foliate papillae were disfigured with wide trough in between papillae and shrunken taste buds much fewer in number than control group. The CT of foliate papillae was degenerated and hyalinized with dilatation and congestion of blood vessles.
Administration of insulin, garlic and onion helped in improvement of tongue papillae as they appeared almost normal compared to control group ,but the taste buds of gustatory papillae were fewer than that of control.
SEM results coincided with H&E results in that DM caused disfigurement and disorientation of tongue papillae. With widening of the trough of circumvallate papillae together with foliate papillae. And treated groups whether with insulin or garlic or onion showed great improvement in shape and orientation of tongue papillae.