الفهرس 
Anatomy of the Human CalvariumOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The reconstruction of critical size bony defects is a major
challenge that face many craniomaxillofacial and
reconstructive surgeons. Theses defects could be encountered
because of congenital or acquired etiologies as infection,
trauma, post cancer ablative surgery or deforming skeletal
diseases. Moreover, various approaches are available for
repair by bone grafts, bone substitutes, bone transport
methods or bone tissue engineering.
The autografts are still the golden standard for
reconstruction of critical size defects without any doubt. But
on the other hand, its use is limited by graft availability, bone
resorption donor site morbidity and the need of extra surgery
for harvest.
So, recent researches are directed towards building an
already made bone tissue regenerate that mimic the natural
bone in osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, osteogenesis,
biocompatibility and non-immunogenicity and at the same
time, to be available, easily prepared, applied and stored.
The enormous advances in the cell mediated bone
tissue engineering conducted the stem cells as a rich, safe and
a non-immunogenic source for multipotent cells with diverse plasticity that can be directed towards osteogenesis either in
vivo or in vitro.
The adipose tissue is abundant source for ADSCs,
which is proved to have a powerful osteogenic differentiation
with greater long-term survival abilities in adverse
environments such as traumatic, hypoxic, and nutrient
starved conditions. It can be harvested easily even from
lipoaspirate which was thought to be a waste despite its
richness for ADSCs that can be isolated and preserved even
for 6 months at low temperatures without losing their
abilities to differentiate and proliferate
Despite the osteogenicity of ADSCs, it needs to be
seeded over an ideal scaffold and to be induced by growth
factors to complete the triad of bone tissue engineering.
The DBM is considered an ideal scaffold as it has
good biocompatibility with a controllable degradation rate. It
also has a suitable surface chemistry for cell attachment,
proliferation and differentiation. It is a non-immunogenic
scaffold that can be harvested from allogenic donors and
implanted safely in the host. Moreover, it is osteoconductive
with a slight osteoinductive ability.
The results obtained in this study revealed a
statistically significant bone healing after reconstruction of critical size calvarial bone defects by ADSCs seeded on
allogenic DBM.
In conclusion, this study presents a beneficial method
for reconstruction of critical size calvarial bone defects by an
already made non-immunogenic new tissue regenerate.