الفهرس 
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND & CLASSIFICATION
Mini-Incision and Direct VisionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Because of the continuous trend towards less invasive
procedures, cardiac operations have become increasingly
more sophisticated and complex minimally invasive techniques
in cardiac operations require higher surgical abilities to
accomplish the same quality compared with the traditional
procedures with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) or sternotomy.
Refinements in surgical techniques have reduced
morbidity and mortality related to valve operations. Less
invasive approaches for the surgical treatment of The valve
disease were introduced with success. Minimally invasive valve
surgery has evolved into a well tolerated, efficient surgical
treatment option in experienced centers, providing greater
patient satisfaction and lower complication rates.
Potential advantages of minimally invasive valve
replacement arise from the concept that patient morbidity and
potential mortality could be reduced without compromising the
excellent results of the conventional procedure and include
improved cosmetic results, safer access in the case of reoperation,
less post-operative bleeding, less blood transfusions,
lower intensive care unit and in-hospital stays, as well as the
absence of sternal wound infection. These results were
achievable also in high-risk patients. Reduced pain and hospital
length of stay, decreased time until return to full activity, and
decreased blood product use have also been demonstrated.
Most notable of all, however, is the reduction in post-operative
hemorrhage and transfusion requirements.