الفهرس 
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Abstract
Background. Cigarette smoking and air pollution are independent risk factors for IHD and increases the risk of stroke, sudden cardiac death and other causes of cardiovascular mortality. Objectives. To assess the ventricular diastolic functions and the pulmonary functions in the chronic smokers and the volunteer’s light smokers before and after smoking one cigarette. Also, assess the PM concentrations in the ambient air of Dammam and AL-Khobar Cities and correlate their concentration levels to the number of patients’ admission in hospitals due to CVD. Patients and Methods. Thirty chronic smokers (group I) and thirty volunteers light smokers (group II), underwent ECG, echocardiography and PFT before and after smoking one cigarette containing at least 0.4 mg of nicotine. Hospital discharge data of patients was retrieved from two different hospitals, having principle diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmias. The levels of particulate matter with diameters less than 10 and 2.5 microns (PM10 and PM2.5) were measured and correlated to the patient’s admitting diagnosis. Results. The results indicated that immediately after smoking, both mitral and tricuspid inflow showed tendency towards abnormal relaxation, and marked decline in the pulmonary function test parameters among both groups The 24-hour mean for PM10 and PM2.5 was 101.2 and 37.1 µg/m3 respectively. At 5% significance level, no significant association was observed at any lag time. and increased PM2.5 concentration showed an increase in the mortality at lag1, lag2 and lag3 before hospital admission. Conclusion. This study revealed that in light and chronic smokers, one cigarette smoking is associated with acute impairment in the right and left ventricular diastolic function and impairment of the RV systolic function with reserved LV systolic function also the PFT markedly declined in both groups after smoking. On the other hand, despite the PM10 and PM2.5 concentration was much higher than the acceptable concentration according to the WHO guidelines, neither the increased PM10 nor PM2.5 concentrations had correlation to the hospital admission due to CVD but the increased PM2.5 concentration showed an increase in the mortality at lag1, lag2 and lag3 before hospital admission.
Keywords: Particulate Matter, Cardiovascular Diseases, Heart Failure, Acute Effect, Cigarette; Smoking; Right Ventricle Dysfunction; Pulmonary Function Tests.