الفهرس 
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Abstract
In this work, The Standardized Toolkit developed by UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) was used for identification and quantification of released PCDD and PCDF in Red Sea region in Egypt. However, PCDD and PCDF, more precisely poly-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and poly-chlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) are organochlorine compounds that produced unintentionally during some anthropogenic activities.
They are highly persistent in the environment resisting natural and biological degradation, and proved to be toxic to humans as well as to wild life, they migrate, through air, water and migratory species, across international boundaries and deposited far from their place of release where they bio accumulate in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, so that they take the name of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). These chemicals include 75 chlorinated dibenzo–p-dioxins and 135 chlorinated dibenzo furans. The congener 2,3,7,8 tetra-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) appears to be the most toxic of the dioxins & furans compound to mammals and has received the most attention of the 210 compounds, PCDD’s and PCDF’s are found together in the environment as co present compounds in different media from some industrial processes.
There are another substances release with dioxins and furans as (Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and Pentachlorobenzene (PeCBz). Among these, PCDD and PCDF (also collectively referred to as PCDD/PCDF) have never been used as commercial products, nor were intentionally manufactured for any reason other than laboratory purposes. PCB, HCB and PeCBz are also unintentionally formed, usually from the same sources that produce PCDD/PCDF.
However, unlike PCDD/PCDF, they have also been manufactured and used for specific purposes, their intentional production and use being by far higher than the unintentional formation and release.
Egypt ratified the S.C. on (POPs) Persistent Organic Pollutants on 2003, and prepared The National Implementation Plan (NIP) of the Convention in 2005. One of the major goals of the Stockholm Convention is continuing minimization and, where feasible, ultimate elimination of unintentionally produced POPs (PCDD/PCDF), and the Parties of the convention are required to identify, characterize, quantify and prioritize sources of releases of unintentionally produced (PCDD/PCDF), and develop strategies with concrete measures, timelines and goals to minimize or eliminate these releases.
To support Parties in meeting these obligations, a methodology (UNEP Toolkit) has been developed to ensure that source inventories and release estimates are complete, transparent, as well as consistent in format and content. It allows Parties to compare results, identify priorities, mark progress and follow changes over time at the national, regional and global levels.
The Standardized Toolkit developed by UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases was first published in 2003 and revised in 2005.it is providing support to developing countries in their efforts to verify their emission factors; it is the most comprehensive available compilation of emission factors for all relevant PCDD/PCDF sources.
It is useful particularly in countries where measurement data are limited, enabling the elaboration of source inventories and release estimates by using the default emission factors. It is also useful in countries where national measurement data are available, as a reference document for data comparison and validation purposes.
In this study, inventories are prepared for Identification and Quantification of PCDD/PCDF releases in format and content, ensuring that it is possible to compare results, identify priorities, mark progress and follow changes over time at the country level, and at the regional and global levels. As results of using the Toolkit data were providing includes
• Basic information on the design, operation and/or expected performance of sources that supports their classification and the assignment of appropriate default emission factors;
• Default emission factors – values for the quantity of PCDD/PCDF, expressed as TEQ, released to each vector per unit of activity (e.g., μg TEQ per ton of material produced, per ton of fuel burned, etc.) that have been assigned for each class within the source categories;
• Guidance on acquiring data and related information to estimate values for annual activity rates for source categories and/or classes within source categories, e.g., tons per year of waste burned, tons per year of feed material processed, tons per year of product produced, etc.; and
• A spreadsheet to list all sources, and their associated classes and emission factors. This spreadsheet will automatically calculate annual PCDD/PCDF releases from all sources in a given country or region where national activity data are entered.
The emission factors can be modified in the spreadsheet, i.e., countries may use their own emission factors instead of the default ones, preferably using the same units to ensure comparability of results. Countries can also insert new sources or classes by adding extra lines into the worksheet to better reflect national circumstances.
In this work we Applied Modeling technique by using Standardized Toolkit developed by UNEP for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan release (United Nations Environment Programme) for estimating the annual releases of poly-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and poly-chlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs and PCDFs for) in the different Media (Air and Residue) in the ( Suez, Red Sea ,and South Sinai) Governorates from the following sources, and according to calculations using the Toolkit it was found that:
• Hazardous waste incineration
There was one factory incinerate hazardous wastes in cement kilns in Suez Governorate as a fuel with annual expected releases of 0.270 g TEQ/year into air and 12.135 g TEQ/year into residue.
• Medical Waste Incineration
There were nineteen health administrations that responsible for medical waste incineration and we estimated the expected annual levels of dioxins and furans emissions from these sources in the Red Sea Governorates as 0.917 g TEQ/year into air and 0.245 g TEQ/year into residue.
• Iron and Steel Production
The inventory includes two iron and steel companies in Suez Governorate with annual release of 0.08 g TEQ/year into air and 1.2 g TEQ/year into residue.
• Thermal non-ferrous metal Production
There was found one company in South of Sinai Governorate to produce Ferro manganese with annual expected releases of 1.65 g TEQ/year into air.
• Fossil Fuel Power plants
We observe that there were nineteen fossil fuel power plants for generating electricity in the Red Sea Governorates with annual expected releases of 0.102g TEQ/year into air. And Suez Governorate has the largest expected emission of dioxins and furans to air (0.097 g TEQ/year), as compared with what expected from the Red Sea & South Sinai Governorates, and this is due to the old technology used in the fossil fuel power station in Suez Governorate and the high power production.
• Cement Production
The calculations included four plants of cement production in the Suez Governorate with annual expected releases of 0.7865 g TEQ/year into air.
• Petroleum Industry (refineries)
The inventory was made on Petroleum companies in Red Sea Governorate with annual expected releases of 0.069 g TEQ/year into air.
PCDD/PCDF experimental analysis is carried out using (High Resolution Gas chromatography/ High resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS), and it costs a lot of money so we can use the theoretical results calculated by using UNEP Toolkit to estimate the annual dioxins and furans emission in Red Sea Governorates, so these results may relate to a range of uncertainties. We can arrange the releases of PCDDs and PCDFs in order of magnitude as follow:
• Ferro manganese production in South of Sinai.
• Medical waste incineration in Suez Governorate.
• Cement production in Suez Governorate.
• Hazardous waste incineration in cement kilns in Suez Governorate.
• Fossil fuel power station in Suez Governorate.
• Ferrous Metal Production in Suez Governorate.
• Petroleum refineries in the Red Sea Governorate.
So, there is an urgent need to apply the proper best techniques for good environmental practices (BAT/BEP) in the previous sources such as:
• Improve the quality of furnaces and Air Pollution Control System (APCS),
• Processing or cleaning the raw materials contaminated before the entry to the manufacturing process
• High technology combustion with sophisticated APCS,
• using dry kilns and reduce dust collector temperature in cement industry,
• Combustion of natural gas or light fuel oil in boilers for heat and/or power production,
• And reuse of the gas produced during refining instead of flaring it in petroleum industry, and using alternatives in petroleum oils waste treatment stations.
At the end we need to increase the awareness and education of the public concerning the hazardous effects of the unintentionally produced PCDD and PCDF especially workers and scientists and how to reduce the hazardous effect on human health and environment