الفهرس 
Review of LiteratureOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
Abstract
Periodontitis is one of the most common diseases around the world and can even contribute with systemic manifestation. Although chronic exposure to bacteria and its products is an essential condition for gum inflammation and tissue destruction, another main factor causing the destruction of gum tissues is the host’s response to bacterial challenges. Moreover, the nature of the inflammatory response may determine the destructive nature of the disease.
Interleukin IL-1β plays an important role in of the inflammatory reaction, and belongs to the IL-1 interleukin family, which also contains IL-1α interleukin. IL-1β is excreted in large quantities by macrophage cells. It has been discovered that cells containing IL-β are present in larger numbers in diseased tissues compared with healthy tissues.
Glucosamine is an essential amino sugar in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylate proteins and lipids. It is a major component of cellular walls. It was present in high volumes in the articular cartilage, the spinal vertebral disc was used for many years in the treatment of osteoporosis. Glucosamine plays a role in the regulation of gene expression of proteins, enzymes and inhibition of interleukin-1. There is evidence that rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease are similar in some symptoms and effects, including stimulating the production of some cytokines, such as IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor.
Based on the similarity between the onset of periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis and after evaluating the role of glucosamine sulfate at the levels of interleukin-1 β. This study aimed to measure the effect of glucosamine on levels of interleukin 1β in cases of moderate and severe periodontitis.
Subjects and Methods:
The current study was conducted on a total of 30 people of both genders between the ages of 30 and 50 that were diagnosed with moderate to severe periodontitis while excluding any candidate that might affect the outcomes of the results. Patients were randomly divided into two groups:
The First Group
Fifteen patients were given oral glucosamine sulfate three times per day for 3 months after full mouth scaling and root planing.
The Second Group
It included 15 patients who received full mouth scaling and root planing only.
During the study clinical outcomes were evaluated in the study (Plaque index, gingival index, Probing depth and clinical attachment loss at baseline and at 3 and 6 months follow-up. The samples were collected and measured the level of interleukin-1β and glucosamine sulfate in the blood and gingival fluid. The data were collected and analyzed statistically.
Results:
While in GI when comparing within the group results in the current study revealed that in group I; there was a statistically significant decrease in mean GI scores after 3 months as well as from 3 months to 6 months. While in group II; there was a statistically significant decrease in mean GI scores after 3 months. from 3 months to 6 months; there was no statistically significant changes in the mean GI scores.
When comparing within the CAL there was a statistically significant gain in mean clinical attachment level scores after 3 months. from 3 months to 6 months; there was further gain in the clinical attachment level but the difference was statistically not significant.
When comparing between percentage changes in the two groups showed that after 3 as well as after 6 months, there was no statistically significant difference between percentage changes in PI and GI scores in the two groups.
When comparing the percentage in PD and CAL changes in the two respective groups, they both showed that after 3 month group I showed statistical significantly higher mean percentage reduction measurement than group II. Yet in the 6 month PD showed the same statistical significance higher mean percentage reduction than in group II while in CAL showed greater mean percentage reduction in the clinical attachment loss than group II patients but with no statistically significant difference