الفهرس 
صناعة الأدوية والتلوث البيئييوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
المستخلص
Research Summary
I. Introduction
1 .Environmental pollution:
The planet faces a serious problem threatening humanity is the problem of pollution, and most of the pollution that threatens our planet unfortunately comes from products, which many people need and want. For example, cars provide comfort by transporting people, but they produce a high percentage of air pollution in the world. Factories produce products that people use and enjoy but chemical processes cause pollution. Pesticides and fertilizers help grow large amounts of food, but poison the soil and waterways.
All activities carried out by human in his lifetime can be a source of environmental pollution, but most of these activities pollute the environment are the business organizations, especially the industrial ones, which are the main source of emissions of harmful gases, ozone hole, and global warming.
If we consider the industrial organization as a system consisting of inputs, processes of transformation, and outputs, we find that each component of the system can contribute to polluting the environment, inputs by unjust and improper use, and processes of transformation resulting in combustion; it causes pollution when operated and problems when disposed of at the end of its life.
Pollution can be reduced in several ways without serious disruption to people’s lives. For example, governments can enact legislation that encourages enterprises to adopt low-cost operational methods. Scientists and engineers can develop cleaner, safer products for the environment, and individuals and groups around the world can find ways to reduce environmental pollution, which is green supply chain management.
2-Concept of Green Supply Chain:
Supply chain is defined as: ”a group of companies that are interconnected and interdependent, which add value to the input stream from their original source and are converted to final products or services at the end-user’s request.”
Green supply chain is defined as ”the process of integration of environmental thinking, with supply chain management, which includes: product design, selection of sources of supply, provision of materials, manufacturing processes, final delivery of customers, and management of the final product after use at the end of its life”.
II: Research problem:
The pharmaceutical industry is one of the industries that can pollute the environment, as follows:
1- Air pollution caused by industry:
Physical inputs to pharmaceutical manufacturing processes contaminate air, water and soil. Chemical synthesis processes in production are: reaction, separation, purification, solvents used for drying, catalysts, reactants and intermediates, all of which generate emissions in air, wastewater and residual waste.
2-Solid waste:
The pharmaceutical industry is a source of solid waste. Manufacturing processes in the pharmaceutical industry are usually characterized by a reduction in the proportion of finished products to raw materials, resulting in large amounts of waste, especially during fermentation and extraction of natural products.
3- Use of waste disposal methods increases pollution:
In the pharmaceutical industry, industrial processes produce waste water with pollutants that must be within certain limits and must be disposed of in special drainage systems that differ from municipal drainage systems.
The waste of the pharmaceutical industry is also disposed of by burning or filling, which contributes to air pollution and water sources, if the ash or residue reaches the water bodies. In general, the incinerators produce air emissions containing several harmful compounds. The burner is treated as a hazardous waste because it contains harmful compounds.
4- Non- taking of the concept of reverse logistics:
Reverse logistics acts on the disposition of the product after the end of its life cycle by reuse, repair, recycling, recycling, or disposal.
The pharmaceutical industry does not use the concept of reverse logistics, but disposes of expired medicines by burning or filling.
The above raises the following questions:
1. What are the green supply chain management practices applied by Egyptian companies?
2. What are the drivers that can drive Egyptian companies to implement green supply chain management practices?
3. Are these drivers equal in their impact on green supply chain management practices?
4- Are there Barriers that hinder Egyptian companies in their implementation of green supply chain management practices?
5. Are these Barriers equally effective in hindering the implementation of green supply chain management practices?
III: Research hypotheses:
In every environment, there may be forces that encourage or push for green supply chain management practices, and there are forces that impede the application of these practices.
The first main hypothesis:
Through the researcher’s review of previous studies and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reports, she has reached several strengths that she expected to encourage the implementation of supply chain management practices: environmental management systems, competitors, government regulations , international pressures, importers’ pressures, according to that, The first main hypothesis was as follows:
It is expected that there will be an impact of drivers on the implementation of green supply chain practices
This hypothesis is divided into several sub-hypotheses, each of which addresses the hypothesis of the impact of each driver on green supply chain management practices.
The second hypothesis:
The researcher also found a range of forces that may impede the implementation of green supply chain management practices: high cost of implementation, lack of end consumer awareness, lack of senior management support, lack of government support, market instability and uncertainty, lack of modern technology, Lack of organizational encouragement, poor quality of human resources, lack of responsiveness of suppliers and lack of resources. According to that, the second main hypothesis was, as follows:
It is expected that there will be an impact of Barriers on the implementation of green supply chain practices
This hypothesis is divided into several sub-hypotheses, each of which addresses the hypothesis of the impact of each single barrier on green supply chain management practices.
Companies operating in the field of pharmaceutical production in Egypt are divided into public and private sector companies, which in turn are divided into multinational and local companies. The researcher expects that this may have an impact on the implementation. Therefore, the third, fourth, the following:
Third hypothesis:
It is expected that there are statistically significant differences in the views of the inquisitors, including the companies in the two sectors (public business sector and the private sector) in the Egyptian pharmaceutical industry regarding the drivers of implementation.
Fourth hypothesis:
It is expected that there are statistically significant differences in the opinion of the inquisitors, including the companies in the two sectors (public business sector and the private sector) in the Egyptian pharmaceutical industry regarding the barriers of the implementation.
Fifth hypothesis:
It is expected that there will be statistically significant differences in the views of the inquisitors, including the public sector companies and the private sector, in the Egyptian pharmaceutical industry regarding green supply chain practices.
IV: The purpose of the research:
The objectives of this study are as follows:
1-Identify the driving factors for the implementation of green supply chain management practices in the Egyptian pharmaceutical industry to benefit and develop them in order to implement the green supply chain.
2 - Identify the Barriers of the application of green supply chain management practices, because the lack of understanding of these factors makes it more difficult to implement the green supply chain.
3- To identify the green supply chain management practices used by the Egyptian pharmaceutical industry, and their comprehensiveness or limitations.
V: Data analysis methods and hypothesis testing:
To test hypotheses and achieve research objectives, the researcher designed a survey questionnaire, focusing on drivers, barriers, green supply chain management practices, and some general data. The researcher then collected data from the sample and then emptied it.
For data analysis and hypothesis testing, the researcher used the statistical software package for social sciences ”IBM SPSS Version 20”. The researcher adopted the following statistical methods:
- Descriptive Statistics (Means and Standard Deviations).
- Correlation coefficients.
- Regression analysis.
VI: Research structure:
The research plan to test hypotheses and achieve its objectives included five chapters that were as follows:
Chapter One: The general framework of the research, in which the previous studies were reviewed, the research problem, its objectives and objectives were identified. The research community also examined the basis of the sample selection and the design of the survey.
Chapter Two: Pharmaceutical industry and environmental pollution, it discussed the concept of environment and environmental pollution, the role of the pharmaceutical industry in environmental pollution, and reviewed the pollution resulting from the operations and activities of the manufacture of medicine, the pollution resulting from the disposal of the remnants of the pharmaceutical industry by burning, and the pollution resulting from the drug itself. Environmental pollution and environmental pollution control.
Chapter Three: Green Supply Chain Management, exposure to the difference between the concept of green supply chain management and other concepts, the advantages of the Implementation of green supply chain management, environmental management systems, green supply chain management practices, drivers to implement the green supply chain management, barriers of the implementation.
Chapter Four: Statistical analysis and hypothesis testing, addressing: validity and consistency testing of the measures used descriptive statistical analysis of data, and hypothesis testing.
Chapter Five: Discussion of results and recommendations.
VII: Main results and recommendations:
1-Main results:
• Egyptian pharmaceutical companies don’t apply green supply chain management practices, and most practices plan to be applied, or are being applied.
• The drivers influencing the implementation, which have proven their significance, are the pressures of workers and environmental management systems.
• There are only three barriers that have been proven to hamper the implementation of the green supply chain: lack of senior management support, market instability and uncertainty, and poor quality of human resources.
• There are statistically significant differences in the opinions of the excluded, including the public sector companies and the private sector, regarding the drivers and the barriers, to implement green supply chain management practices, which are for the benefit of private sector companies from the public sector.
2-The main recommendations:
• Training sessions and one-day workshops should be held for senior management of companies to convince them of the importance of pollution prevention and the role of green supply chain management. These courses include the topics of overall performance measurement standards, environmental management costs and means of reducing waste.
• Top management should develop publicly stated strategies, policies and objectives that demonstrate responsibility for protecting the environment, protecting the health and safety of its employees by providing a clean, healthy and safe environment, and protecting the environment and the communities in which it operates by reducing pollution.
• Environmental awareness should be promoted in order to create the green client (end-customer, pharmacy, distributor, and doctor) in related areas such as disposal of surplus medicines and expired medicines. Green supply chain management, because customers are the real protectors of the environment, by supporting companies that follow a green policy, and punish companies that pollute the environment.
• To compel the state to plan to phase out regular waste, hazardous waste and expired medicines through incinerators because of environmental hazards.
• The state should adopt economic, financial and monetary policies that support the environment through the promulgation of strict, deterrent, specific and enforceable environmental laws and regulations.