الفهرس 
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Abstract
The current study was carried out at the Poultry Nutrition Farm, Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-kheima, Qalubia Governorate and laboratories of the Regional Center for Food and Feed, Agriculture Research Center, Giza Governorate, Egypt.
The study aimed to evaluate the dietary inclusion of untraditional energy sources on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, some bone traits and some blood parameters of 7 day old Hubbard broiler chicks. We used bakery by-products (CBP) and scrape crude corn oil (SCCO) as alternative energy sources in two separate experiments. Economic efficiency evaluation at the end of study was also done.
Experimental procedures:
The first experiment comprised of seven dietary treatments containing different levels of cake bakery by-products (CBP) as a replacement for corn as follows; 0 (control), 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 100% for groups; T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 and T7, respectively. While, the second treatment included six groups that differed in the dietary level of scrape crude corn oil in replacement of corn oil (SCCO) as follows; 0 (control), 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% in groups; T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 and T6, respectively. Chicks of all groups were given three diets in three periods; starter period (7-21 days), grower period (22-35 days) and finisher period (36-40 days). Feed and water were let for ad libitum.
A total number of 210 and 180 unsexed chicks were distributed on the seven and six groups of experiments 1and 2, respectively in which each group contained 30 chicks in five replicates, each of six chicks.
Result obtained from the 1st experiment showed that:
1. Chicks fed on diets with 100% CBP had numerically the heaviest LBW and DBWG at 21 day of age compared with the other treatments, while both 30% and 45% CBP were the highest (p<0.05) at 40 day old.
2. No significant (P>0.05) differences were found between groups of birds fed different dietary treatments in DFC and FCR values at 7-21, 22-35, 36-40 and 7-40 days of age.
3. Mortality rates of CBP groups didn’t significantly differ from that of control one, recording absolute numbers of 2, 1, 2, 4, 4, 1 and 0, for all groups from T1 to T7, respectively.
4. The highest percentages of carcass weight was obtained for chicks given 45% CBP followed by those of 30% CBP, while the highest percentages of pectoralis major and pectoralis minor muscles weight were obtained for chicks given 30% CBP followed by those of 45% CBP, however reverse trend was shown for percentages of total edible parts, in all cases results didn’t significantly differ from each other.
5. Thigh weight percentages were not significantly different (P > 0.05) among all groups of dietary CBP and control one.
6. The chemical analysis of CBP oil showed that palm oil was the most present that contained the largest amount of oleic acid followed by palmitic acid content, stearic acid content and vaccinic acid content compared to soybean oil, which contains the lowest amounts.
7. Birds fed different dietary levels of CBP oil (palm oil) had the highest ratios of total SFA and MUFA compared to soybean oil, conversely total PUFA were highest in soybean oil.
8. The proportions of monounsaturated fatty acids C16:1n9, C22:1n11 and C22:1n9 in all tissues were significantly decreased (P<0.05) by the inclusion of dietary CBP in the diet compared with the control group.
9. The proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (C18:2 and C18:3) in all tissues were significantly decreased by the inclusion of dietary CBP in the diet compared with the control group.
10. A significant increase in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was achieved by increasing the level of CBP in broilers diet.
11. The ƩSFA ratio was decreased with increasing CBP in the diet from 15% addition up to 100% CBP addition. However, a converse trend was accomplished for ƩPUFA.
12. A marked decrease in USFA/ SFA and MUFA/PUFA ratios were found in all groups of dietary cakes than control diet.
13. Except tibia length no significant differences were achieved in the values of tibia weight, tibia width, tibia thickness, tibia breaking strength, bone density (Seedor index) and robusticity index between treatments.
14. Total plasma protein as well as albumin concentration were not significantly affected (P>0.05) by dietary CBP inclusion at any level. However, the high levels of globulin and the lowest value of A/G ratio were found in the group of 100% CBP when compared with the others.
15. Lower values of blood cholesterol and triglycerides were obtained for the chicks group of 75% CBP, while the higher values were recorded for the 45% CBP.
16. Values of high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) did not statistically differ among all experimental groups
17. Birds of 45% and 100% CBP had the highest values of plasma creatinine, while the lowest values were recorded by 0 (control) and 15%.
18. Liver functions did affected by dietary inclusion of CBP at any level as indicated by similar plasma ALT and AST activities.
19. Feeding broilers on diets containing CBP at levels of 30, 45, 60 and 100% had higher values of the relative efficiency percentage compared the control one. While, T2 (15% CBP) and T7 (75% CBP) had the lowest ones.
Result obtained from the 2nd experiment showed that:
1. Insignificant differences were found in LBW and DBWG among broilers fed on the control (0% SCCO) and any other level of SCCO from 20 up to 100% throughout the experimental period.
2. Feed consumption and feed conversion ratio (FCR) values, showed also, insignificance among during starter, grower and overall periods.
3. Likewise the 1st experiment, mortality rates of SCCO groups didn’t significantly differ from that of control one, where the absolute number were 2, 1, 2, 2, 2 and 3, for treatment groups from 0% to 100% SCCO, respectively.
4. In spite the lack of significance among all groups, birds of 100 % SCCO had the highest carcass, edible part and thigh weight percentages values. While birds received 20 % SCCO was the lowest.
5. With the exception of thigh weight percentages, the relative weights of all carcass cuts did not significantly differ among whole experimental groups.
6. Results showed that the most existent fatty acid in corn oil and SCCO was the linoleic acid, followed by oleic acid and palmitic acid.
7. Meat tissues of chicks fed with 20 % SCCO had the highest (P < 0.001) SFA ratio of palmitic acids (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) compared with the other groups.
8. The oleic acid (C18:1) was the most predominant MUFA found in broiler muscles of the control, 20% SCCO and 100% SCCO.
9. Muscle tissues of broiler chicks fed on diet containing 40 % SCCO had the highest PUFA (basically linoleic acid, C18:2n6). While, the lowest percentages was obtained with feeding with 20 % SCCO.
10. The ƩSFA ratio was decreased (P<0.001) with the increase of dietary SCCO level from 40% up to 100% SCCO compared with both 0 (control) and 20% SCCO.
11. The ratios of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids were elevated in meat of broiler chicks given 40% SCCO that was reflected on its content of the total PUFA ratio.
12. Similar to experiment 1, dietary inclusion of different SCCO levels had no significant (P>0.05) effect on all estimated tibia parameters.
13. In comparison with all SCCO (T2:T6) groups, the highest (P≤0.001) plasma concentrations of total protein, albumin and globulin were obtained for the CO group (T1).
14. A marked reduction in plasma cholesterol levels was associated with dietary inclusion of SCCO beyond 20% replacement for corn oil in broiler diets, further the reduction was more prominent at 80 (T5) and 100% (T6) SCCO comparable to SCCO free diet (T1).
15. Plasma level of HDL was increased, but LDL was decreased significantly in broilers fed 80 (T5) and 100% (T6) SCCO.
16. No significant differences were found among control and all SCCO groups in creatinine, uric acid and AST and ALT activities, indicting the absence of any harmful effects on liver and kidney functions.
17. Feeding broilers on diets containing SCCO at levels of 60, 80 and 100% had higher values of the relative efficiency percentage compared the control one. While, T2 (20 % SCCO) and T7 (40% SCCO) had the lowest ones.
It could be concluded from the present study that both CBP; as a kind of bakery by-product and SCCO; as a kind of an oil industry by-product, could be used in broiler rations as untraditional energy sources instead of the traditional ones, i.e., yellow maize or corn oil (CO) with 30 and 45% of CBP and up to 80%of SCCO without any adverse effects on broiler performance, carcass and tibiae traits as well as liver and kidney functions. Further, these by-products at these levels of replacement could decrease the ration cost and improved the economic efficiency of broiler chicks.