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Abstract Summary In recent years, efforts intensified in universities and research centers to develop and encourage research related to the use of natural compounds that prevent the toxic effects resulting from the use of chemical compounds, among these compounds ”phytochemicals,” multiple vitamins, and antioxidants. The current study was designed to achieve the following objectives; to elucidate the toxic effect of some commonly used petroleum derivatives, and to study the protective effect of antioxidant supplementations on the liver, kidneys, lungs, blood picture, and oxidative stress. The study is divided into two parts; part (1): Anthracene group. Part (2): Naphthalene group Part (1) Anthracene group (ATH) After one week of acclimatization, animals (54 rats) were randomly divided into 3 groups (18 rats/group). Each group was subdivided into 3 subgroups (6 rats/ subgroup), according to the experimental period (5, 12, and 24 weeks), where rats in each subgroup were sacrificed after each period. group I: Control group: Injected intramuscularly with sunflower oil only (0.1ml) once/week through-out the experimental period (24 weeks), and served as control, six rats were sacrificed after each period. group II: Anthracene group (ATH): Injected intramuscularly with anthracene 0.1 ml (2.2 mg/ml) once/week, through-out the experimental period (24 weeks), six rats were sacrificed after each period. group III: Treated Anthracene group (ATH + Vit): Injected intramuscularly by anthracene 0.1 ml (2.2 mg/ml) once/week. Each rat was given multivitamins + antioxidants mixture 0.1 ml (16.6mg/ml) administered by gavage twice a week, through-out the experimental period (24 weeks), six rats were sacrificed after each period. Part (2) Naphthalene group After one week of acclimatization, animals (36 rats) were randomly divided into 3 groups (12 rats/group). Each group was subdivided into 2 subgroups (6 rats/ subgroup), according to the experimental period (10 and 30 days). group IV: Control group: Saline was given to rats by gastric gavages (0.1 ml) once /week for 30 days, six rats were sacrificed after each period. 119 group V: Naphthalene group (NP): Naphthalene was administered to each rat by gastric gavages at doses 0.1ml (7722 mg/ml) - once /week, for 30 days, six rats were sacrificed after 10 and 30 days. group VI: Treated Naphthalene group (NP + Vit): Each rat received naphthalene by gastric gavages at doses 0.1ml (2.77 mg/ml) - once /week. Each rat received multivitamins + antioxidants mixture 0.1 ml (6171 mg/ml); administered by gavage, twice a week, according to the experimental period (10 and 30days), six rats were sacrificed after each period. The target liver, kidney and lung tissues were excised for histopathological examination. Blood collection from the eyes were used for the biochemical analysis. The results of the present study could be summarized as follows: Biochemical results The toxic effects of anthracene and naphthalene on the liver was observed throughout the experimental periods, repeated anthracene injections caused significant increased in liver enzymes ALT, AST, T. Bilirubin, while T. Protein significantly decreased when compared to control groups. Similar observations were found in rats given gastric gavage napthalene doses. The toxic effects in both groups intensified with the increase in the number of doses. Repeated anthracene injections and naphthalene ingestions caused significant increased in AFP and TAC, showing the highest levels at the end of the experimental periods. Morover, the toxic effects of anthracene and naphthalene on the kidney function markers (urea and creatinine) was observed throughout the experimental period, showing maximum levels with the highest doses. The toxic effect of anthracene and naphthalene on the CBC was observed throughout the experimental period, causing significant decrease in RBC’s, and hemoglobin, together with an increase in platelets, when compared to control groups. But WBC’s was significantly decreased only after 5 weeks of tratment of anthracene. Continuous supplementation with multivitamins and antioxidants mixture ameliorated the the toxic effects of both anthracene and naphthalene, causing normalization of all the markers studied. Histopathology studying Light micrograph of liver, kidney, and lungs of rats treated with anthracene and naphthalene confirmed the results of the biochemical analysis, which included: 120 In the Liver: the main changes noted were degeneration and small areas of necrosis in filtrated by mononuclear cells together with many foci showing single cell dropout (individual cell necrosis).Congestion of portal tracts and their infiltration by lymphoplasmacytic cells were also noted. These changes aggregated by the end of the last weeks from treatments of anthracene and naphthalene. In the Kidney: hydropic degeneration and cloudy swelling of proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) took place by the end of the 5 weeks from treatment of anthracene and after 10 days from the treatment of naphthalene. It was diffuse in 50% of the specimens and focal in 25%. There degeneration changes were noted in all cases, with development of degeneration and hyaline casts, by the end of the last weeks. Congestion, inflammation and occasional edema of interstitial tissue were also observed. In the Lungs: interstitial pneumonitis was noted in 30% of specimens examined after last treatment with either anthracene or naphthalene. Histological examination after supplementation with multiple vitamins and antioxidant mixture exposed their protective effects against anthracene and naphthalene, with significant decrease in pathological changes, and normal architecture of liver lobules, less damage, less cellular infiltration, and less degenerative changes in morphological changes than those of anthracene and naphthalene treated group. This means that treatment with multiple vitamins mixture provide some protection against liver, kidney, and lungs congestion, inflammation, and fibrosis caused by anthracene and naphthalene. This may be due to their anti-oxidant and anti- inflammatory effects, which reduce the formation, release, and activity of inflammatory mediators. Conclusion The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) anthracene and naphthalene, cause toxicities in the liver, kidney, and lungs of experimental animals (rats). These toxic effects intensify with the increase in the PAH doses. Continuous supplementation with commercial multivitamins and antioxidant mixtures protected the animals from the PAH toxicities |