الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was performed at Barrage Horticulture Research Station, Qalubia Governorate, Egypt during the two successive seasons of 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 to investigate the impact of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production under open field conditions and inappropriate low temperatures during off-season.
This experiment included 36 treatments, a split split design with three replicates was adopted. The main plots were assigned to sowing three dates i.e., December 1st, January 1st and February 1st, while the sub-plots showed the three plant densities with plant distribution whereas i.e., 33 plant/m² as (5cm on one side of the ridge and 10 cm on two sides of the ridge) and 22 plant/m² (15 cm on two sides of the ridge). The sub- sub-plots were the foliar spray with three plant stimulants i.e., glycine betaine at rate 5 mM/L, naphthalene acetic acid at rate 20 ppm and salicylic acid at rate 1 mM/L in addition to control treatment which sprayed with distilled water. Storability of green pods of snap bean (cv. Paulist) were adopted for three weeks.
5-1. Vegetative growth characteristics:
1- The highest significant values for plant length, number of branches per plant, total leaves per plant, fresh and dry weight were obtained by sowing on February1st followed by January1st with significant differences between them. While, the lowest values were obtained by sowing on December1st.
2- planting at22 plants/ m² two sides(15 cm between plants) gave the highest significant values for all vegetative growth parameters
3- Plant length was the highest when plant density was33 plants/m² one side (5cm between plants) in two tested seasons.
4- Foliar application of all plant stimulates ameliorated the vegetative growth parameters as compared with control treatment.
5- The highest significant values of plant length, number of leaves, number of branches, total leaves area per plant and plant fresh and dry weightwere obtained with foliar application of salicylic acid treatment.
6- The interaction between sowing date treatments and plant density results showed that, plants sown on Feb.1st with 33 plants/m2 (one side of ridge 5 cm apart) produced the highest significant values for plant length.
7- The highest significant values of number of leaves per plant, total leaves area per plant, fresh and dry weight showed when sowing seeds on Feb. 1st with plant density at 22 plants/ m²( two sides15 cm apart).
8- Sowing on Feb. 1st with foliar application of salicylic acid given the highest significant values for plant length, number of leaves per plant, total leaves area per plant and fresh and dry weight per plants.
9- Snap bean plants grown under 33 plants/m2 (one side of ridge 5 cm apart) and applied by SA as a foliar application produced the highest significant values for plant length compared to other used treatments.
10- The best sowing date that gave the highest values of plant length was February1st, at 33 plants/m² (one side 5cm apart) plant density withfoliar application with salicylic acid.
11- The highest values of number of leaves per plant, total leaves area per plant and fresh and dry weight per plants were obtained when plants sown in February1st, at 22 plants/ m² two sides (15 cm) plant density withfoliar application by salicylic acid.
2. Yield and its components
1- The highest values for number of pods, marketable and total yield were obtained by planting in February1st, followed by January1st while, the lowest values were obtained by December1st.
2- Plant density at 22 plants/ m² two sides (15 cm) showed the highest significant values for number of pods.
3- The highest significant values for marketable and total yield were obtained by 33 plants/ m² two sides (10 cm) plant densities in both tested seasons.
4- The highest significant values for marketable and total yield were observed with sowing on February1st when planting at 33 plants/ m² two sides (10 cm) as plant density.
5- Plants planted on February1st within 22 plants/ m² two sides(15cm ) of plant density produced the highest significant values for number of pods in both tested seasons.
6- Snap bean plants sown on February1st and sprayed by salicylic acid as a foliar application had the highest significant values for number of pods, marketable and total yield.
7- The maximum significant values for marketable and total yield were obtained by planting at 33 plants/ m² two sides (10 cm) between the plants and foliar application of salicylic acid.
8- Snap bean plants were planted on February 1st at 22 plants/ m² two sides (15 cm between the plants) as plant density and sprayed by salicylic acid as a foliar application gave the highest significant values for number of pods per plant.
9- The maximum significant values for marketable and total yield for plants were obtained by planting on February 1st with 33 plants/m² two sides (10 cm between the plants) and foliar application of salicylic acid.
3. Physical pod quality characteristics
1- The maximum pod weight was observed with sowing date on Feb. 1st with non-significant differences between it and Jan.1st in the second season.
2- The highest significant values of average pods length were obtained by sowing on Feb.1st
3- No significant differences were detected among sowing dates on pod diameter in both tested seasons.
4- Plant density at 22 plants/ m² two sides (15cm between plants) showed the highest significant values for average pod weight and pod length.
5- Foliar application of Glycine betaine (GB), salicylic acid and naphthalene acetic acid improved physical fruit quality characteristics of snap bean pods compared with control (distilled water).
6- Interaction between sowing dates and plant density indicated that, plant sown on Feb.1st with22 plants/ m² two sides (15cm) between plants showed the highest significant values for average pod weight and pod length.
7- No significant differences in pod diameter were noticed for the interaction between sowing date treatments and plant density in the two seasons.
8- Plants sown on Feb.1st and sprayed with SA produced the highest significant values for average fruit weight and pod length.
9- No significant differences in pod diameter were noticed for the interaction between sowing date and foliar application in the two seasons.
10- The highest significant values for average pod weight and pod length were obtained by density 22 plants/ m² two sides (15cm) and foliar application with SA in the two tested seasons.
11- Plant sowing in Feb. 1st under plant density at 22 plants/ m² two sides (15cm between the plants) with foliar application of SA produced the highest significant increments for pod weight and pod length in the two studied seasons.
4.1. Chemical pod quality characteristics.
1- The highest significant values for protein percentage and chlorophyll a, b content were obtained by sowing on Feb.1st followed by Jan. 1st and then Dec. 1st.
2- The maximum values for carotenoids were noticed with sowing on Dec. 1st followed by Jan. 1st in the two tested seasons.
3- Plant density at22 plants/ m² two sides (15 cm between the plants) showed the highest significant values for protein percentage and chlorophyll a, b content.
4- The highest significant values for protein percentage and chlorophyll a, b were obtained with salicylic acid treatment, in both seasons.
5- The maximum significant values for carotenoids content were observed with naphthalene acetic acid, on the other hand control treatment had the lowest values in the two tested seasons.
6- Plants sown on Feb. 1st at 22 plants/ m² two sides (15 cm) between the plants produced the highest significant values for protein percentage, chlorophyll a, b content in the two studied seasons.
7- The maximum significant values for carotenoids content were observed by sowing on Dec. at33 plants/m² one side (5 cm between the plants).
8- Plants sown on Feb. 1st at sprayed by glycine betaine (GB) and salicylic acid as a foliar application produced the highest significant values for chlorophyll a.
9- Sowing on Feb. 1st and spraying with salicylic acid showed the maximum values for protein percentage and chlorophyll b content.
10- For carotenoids, sowing on Dec.1st and applying with NAA treatments produced the highest significant values compared to the other treatments in the both seasons.
11- Snap bean plants grown at22 plants/ m² two sides (15 cm) as a plant density and sprayed by SA as a foliar application, produced the highest significant values for protein percentage and chlorophyll a, b content of snap bean pods, in the two studied seasons.
12- The maximum significant values for carotenoids were observed at 5 cm plant density and foliar application of NAA in the both tested seasons.
13- Snap bean plants were sown on Feb. 1st at 22 plants/ m² two sides (15 cm between the plants) and foliar applied with salicylic acid showed the highest significant values for chlorophyll a and b in the both tested seasons.
5. Chemical constituents of snap bean plants.
1- The highest significant values for plants N, P and K contents were obtained with sowing the seeds on Feb.1st treatments while the lowest values were gained with sowing on Dec. 1st
2- The plants density at 22 plants/ m² two sides (15 cm between the plants) produced the highest significant values for plants N, P and K. compared to other plant density, in both seasons.
3- The combination between sowing data and plant density showed that, plants sown in Feb. 1st at 22 plants/ m² two sides(15 cm between the plants) increased phosphorus % in the two tested seasons without significant differences with those sown on Jan. 1st at 15cm between plants in the second season.
4- The highest potassium percentage was showed with sowing the seeds on Feb. 1st with 22 plants/ m² two sides(15 cm between the plants), in the two tested seasons.
5- The maximum significant values for plant nitrogen percentage were gained with sowing seeds on Feb. 1st at 22 plants/ m² two sides (15cm) as a plant density in the two tested seasons.
6- Plants sown on Feb. 1st and sprayed with GB, NAA or SA as foliar application produced the highest significant values for plant N percentage in two studied seasons.
7- The maximum significant values for P content were noticed by sowing on Feb. 1st with SA or GB in the second season as plant stimulants.
8- The highest K content was obtained by sowing on Feb. 1st and spraying the plant with SA or GB in the second season and NAA in the first seasons.
9- Snap bean plants cultivated at plant density on 22 plants/ m² two sides (15 cm) and sprayed by SA produced the highest significant values for N, P and K contents in the tested seasons.
10- Snap bean plants were sowing on Feb. at 22 plants/ m² two sides(15 cm between the plants) and foliar application of SA produced the highest significant values for plants N, P and K in the two studied seasons.
11- The highest significant values for plants protein and total free amino acids contents were obtained with sowing the seeds on Feb.1st treatments.
12- Sowing the plants at 22 plants/ m² two sides (15 cm between the plants) produced the highest significant values for plants protein and total free amino acids contents compared to other tested plant densities, in the two studied seasons.
13- The maximum significant values for protein and total free amino acids contents were observed with salicylic acid in two tested seasons.
14- The combination between sowing date and plant density showed that sowing on Feb.1st at 22 plants/ m² two sides (15 cm between the plants) gave the highest values for protein and total free amino acids in the two tested seasons.
15- Sowing on Feb.1st and spraying with SA produced the highest significant values for protein and total free amino acids in two studied seasons.
16- Plant density at 22 plants/ m² two sides (15 cm) and spraying with SA produced the highest significant values for protein percentage and total free amino acids in the tested seasons.
17- Snap bean plants were sown on Feb. 1st at 22 plants/ m² two sides(15 cm between the plants) and foliar sprayed of SA and GB produced the highest significant values of protein and total free amino acids in the tested seasons.
18- The highest significant values of total chlorophyll (SPAD) were obtained with sowing the seeds on Feb.1st treatments while the lowest values were found when sowing on Dec. 1st
19- Sowing the plants at 22 plants/ m² two sides(15 cm between the plants) produced the highest significant values of total chlorophyll (SPAD) compared to other plant densities, in the two studied seasons.
20- The maximum significant values for total chlorophyll contents were observed with salicylic acid and GB in the two studied seasons.
21- Sowing on Feb.1st at 22 plants/ m² two sides (15 cm between the plants) gave the highest value for total chlorophyll in the two tested seasons.
22- Sowing on Feb.1st and spraying with SA or GB produced the highest significant values for total chlorophyll in two studied seasons.
23- The interaction among sowing date, plant density and foliar application treatments illustrated that, snap bean plants sown on Feb.1st at 22 plants/ m² two sides (15 cm) with foliar application of SA produced the highest significant values for total chlorophyll in the tested seasons.
6. Storability of pods of snap bean
A. Pods weight loss.
1- Sowing on Feb.1s showed the lowest percentages of weight loss during the storage period generally.
2- Plant density at 22 plants/ m² two sides (15 cm between the plants) gave the lowest weight loss values in the two tested years.
3- All foliar applications treatments, spraying the plants with SA gave the lowest values for weight loss compared to the other foliar applications and control treatment.
4- The lowest values of weight loss were obtained from sowing on Feb. 1st with plant density at 15 cm in the two studied seasons.
5- The lowest significant decrements were observed for weight loss from sowing on Feb. 1st and spraying the plants with SA.
6- Plant density at 22 plants/ m² two sides (15 cm) and spraying the plants with SA gave the lowest values of weight loss in the two tested seasons.
B. Pods decay.
1- Sowing on Feb. 1st showed the lowest values of decay percent in the two tested seasons.
2- Foliar application by some plant stimulants (GB- NAA-SA) which showed significant decrement of decay in the two tested years
3- Spraying the plants with SA gave the lowest values for decay compared to other foliar application treatments in the two tested seasons.
4- The highest decay percent was obtained from sowing on Dec. 1st and untreated plants with the plant stimulants
5- The highest values decay was recorded from plant density at 33 plants/m² one side (5 cm) with control (untreated plants with the plant stimulants).
6- The lowest percent of decay was recorded from plant density at 22 plants/ m² two sides (15 cm) with foliar by salicylic acid in the two tested seasons.
7- The lowest decay percent was obtained by sowing on Jan. 1st or Feb. 1st at 22 plants/ m² two sides (15 cm) plant density in addition to foliar application with salicylic acid in the two tested years.
C. Pods appearance.
1- Feb.1stsowing date showed the highest appearance quality followed by Jan.1st and Dec.1st.
2- The plant density at 22 plants/ m² two sides (15 cm) between the plants showed the highest values of a quality appearance.
3- The highest values of appearance quality were obtained from foliar application with GB or SA after twenty one days of cold storage in the two tested seasons.
4- The lowest values of appearance were found form sowing on Dec. 1st at 33 plants/m² one side (5 cm) in the two experiment seasons.
5- The highest values of appearance were recorded from sowing on Feb.1st and foliar application with SA.
6- The lowest values of appearance quality were recorded from plant density at 33 plants/m² one side (5 cm) between the plants with untreated plants with the plant stimulants in the two tested seasons.
7- The 2nd degree of interaction on pods appearance quality show that highest values were obtained from sowing on Feb. 1st at 22 plants/ m² two sides (15 cm) and foliar application by salicylic acid in the two tested seasons.
CONCLUSION
Finally, the obtained results concluded that extension of production period of green bean under open field conditions is possible based on climatic changes via sowing seeds during off-season in December 1st and January 1st. Due to the worst temperature in such sowing dates occasionally, planting at 10 cm² on two sides of the ridge (33 plant/m²) and foliar spraying with salicylic acid at 1 mM/L or Glycine betaine 5 mM/L can mitigate the stress of low temperature.