الفهرس 
Tramadol HydrochlorideOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 147 |  |  |
| | | from | 147 | | |
Abstract
Tramadol is centerally acting atypical opiod analgesic with additional serotonine-norepinephrine reuptake inhibiting effects.
Tramadol is used primarily to treat moderate to severe pain. It is used also in several indications as post herpetic neuralgia, diabetic neurapathy, antidepressant, acute opiod withdrawal management, obsessive compulsive disorder and premature ejaculation.
Long term use of high doses of tramadol may be associated with physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms including numbness, tingling, paraethesia and tinnitus.
Serious side effects may include seizures, increased risk of serotonin syndrome, decreased alertness, and drug addiction. Common side effects include: constipation, itchiness and nausea.
In Egypt, tramadol is one of the analgesics that is heavily abused because of its easy availability and low cost, this is due to large illegal shipments coming in from India and China.
Opioids are proved to cause a deleterious effect on male reproductive hormones as they cause reduction of serum levels of LH, FSH and testosterone, and the induction of PRL secretion.
As tramadol is one of the opioids, it has also a deleterious effect on testicular functions.
The testis performs two basic functions, sperm production and testosterone secretion.
This work aimed to illustrate the dramatic effects of tramadol on the male reproductive organs.