الفهرس 
AIM OF THE WORK
MATERIALS AND METHODSOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Infertility is the major clinical problem, affecting people medically
and psychosocially. Infertility affects approximately 15% of all couples trying to
conceive. Reduced male fertility may attributed to congenital, acquired urogenital
abnormalities, infection of the genital tract, increased scrotal temperature (varicocele),
endocrine disturbances, genetic abnormalities and immunological factors. However
no causal factor (idiopathic male infertility, IMI) is the main complication arising in
male patients with high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causing oxidative
stress (OS) which significantly impairs spermatogenesis and sperm function.
Low levels of ROS are to be essential for fertilization, acrosome reaction,
hyperactivation, motility, and capacitation. Meanwhile, increased ROS levels have
been correlated with sperm plasma membrane damage with subsequent sperm
dysfunction or sperm death, since the plasma membrane of sperm contains abundant
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). These PUFA create fluidity which is necessary
for sperm motility. Moreover, oxidative stress attacks the integrity of DNA in the
sperm nucleus by causing base modifications and DNA strand breaks. Inflammation
is an important protective response to cellular/tissue injury. The purpose of this
process is to destroy and remove the injurious agent and injured tissues, thereby
promoting tissue repair. ROS are liberated by phagocytes recruited to sites of
inflammation, where inflammatory mediators cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-
α (TNF-α), are released in response to OS to be a major cause of the cell and tissue
damage, including apoptosis.
The present study aimed to develop an idiopathic male infertile rat model by
using monosodium glutamate (MSG) as a prooxidant inducing seminal oxidative
stress, then empirically define the role and effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-
α) in the progression of idiopathic male infertility (IMI) related to oxidative stress
(OS) in infertile animal models and to determine the antioxidant and antiinflammatory
modulator curative effects of berberine extract (BRB) and Ulva lactuca water fraction
as a potent natural remedy against idiopathic male infertility (IMI).