الفهرس 
review of literatureOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 163 |  |  |
| | | from | 163 | | |
Abstract
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel movements.There are many types of cancers classified according to cell type that the tumor cells resemble and are therefore presumed to be the origin of the tumor. There are many treatments of cancer including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy and natural products (plants, microbial sources and marine products). Which treatments are used depends on the type, location and grade of the cancer.
The current study investigated the effect of crude venom of A.A as a natural marine source on the EAC-bearing mice.
Toxicity study was done for determination of half lethal dose (LD50) of A.A crude venom on experimental female mice. This study revealed that the LD50 is 1491 mg/Kg BW). Female mice were used to clarify the effect of A.A crude venom on EAC. After loading with EAC, animals were I.P injected by 50, 125 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg BW of the crude venom for two weeks, which represent 0.03, 0.08, 0.16, 0.3 and 0.5 of LD50, respectively.
We evaluated the effect of the different doses of the crude venom on the hematological (Complete blood count), biochemical (liver and kidney function tests) and antioxidant assays (MDA, GSH, SOD, NO and CAT), as well as the survival of the ECA-bearing mice. Moreover, the anti-antitumor study wasperformed in EAC-bearing control and treated animal.
Results have revealed that A.A crude venom induced the following:
♣ Resistance of the animals to the EAC-induced tumor cell growth which have been indicated by the increase in mean survival time (MST), percentage of increased life span (ILS%), T/C % and the regression of the body weight (IBW %)increase under different dose treatment compared with the EAC-control animals.
♣ Significant increase in hemoglobin levels under low dose (50 mg/kg WB) treatment and non-significant changes under doses of 125, 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg BW of the venom.
♣ An appreciated increase in RBC count under different doses of the venom.
♣ A highly significant increase in WBC count under the doses of 125 and 250 mg/kg treatment but significant increase under the dose of 500 mg/kg of the venom, the very lowest and highest doses (50,750 mg/kg BW, respectively) induced non-significant changes in WBC.
♣ The count of the animals’ platelets had significantly increased under treatment with different doses of the crude venom except the lowest dose (50 mg/kg BW) which did not affect the platelets significantly.
♣ Non-significant changes in asparate transaminase (AST) activity under treatment with all doses. But, very highly significant decrease in alanine transaminase (ALT) activity under the effect of all doses (50, 125, 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg BW) indicating a relatively improved liver function against the ascites load.
♣ Observable and significant increase in serum albumin level under the effect of the doses 50, 125 and 250 mg/kg was detected but not under the highest doses (500 and 750 mg/kg BW). On the other hand, these high doses (500and 750 mg/kg BW) significantly decreases the serum total protein while the other lower doses (50, 125 and 250 mg/kg BW) did not.
♣ Significant reduction in the serum urea levels and creatinine levels at all doses used in this study indicating an improved kidney function against the effect of the tumor burden on the kidney.
♣ High significant decrease in serum glucose level in the animals treated with the doses; 50, 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg but non-significant changes at dose 750 mg/kg BW.
♣ The antioxidant levels were significantly affected by the venom treatments. For example, the MDA levels and the SOD levels in the liver had significantly reduced by different doses of venom. However, the CAT had not significantly affected. Moreover, the liver NO levels had significantly affected only by different venom doses except the dose of 500mg/kg BW.
♣ Regarding the histopathological study, there was an improvement in the liver and the kidney tissues caused by A.A crude venom injection at all doses appearing as less layers of cancer cells proliferation where the tissues architectural structures seemed to be like normal ones especially at higher doses.
♣ The data comes from fractionating the A.A crude venom on the SDS-PAGE indicated that it contains proteins with different molecular mass. These results suggest the probability that the biological activities induced by this venom might be caused by some or any of these proteins.
♣ The real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results indicated stimulation of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in EAC especially in the groups treated with the highest, 500 and 750mg/kg BW, doses of the A.A crude venom.
♣ Highest doses of the venom significantly inverted the BAK/Bcl2 ration as well as the BAK/Bclxl ration in the EAC cells. This may explain the cell death and highly recommend apoptosis rather than necrosis.
♣ DNA fragmentation effect of the A.A crude venom even at very limited dose (50 mg/kg.BW) may explain the increase in the EAC toxicity and the subsequent reduction in the body weight of EAC-bearing mice used in this study.