الفهرس 
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Abstract
Obesity and diabetes mellitus are important public health concerns throughout the world because of their increasing incidence and prevalence. Recent studies showed that the adipocyte-specific hormone, adiponectin, is reduced in obese individuals and associated with lower cardiovascular and diabetes risks.
A wide variety of therapeutic agents in modern medicine are available for the treatment of hyperlipidemia. However, most hypolipidemic drugs cause potentially serious side effects, and include digestive disturbances, nausea and vomiting. Regular usage of many herbs has been recommended in the management of hyperlipidemia.
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of some herbs (fennel, marjoram, Sage, ginger) on the following parameters:-
• Level of hormones adiponectin and leptin in blood serum of the experimental normal or suffering from obesity or diabetes.
• Lipid profiles and glucose level in blood serum of the experimental normal or suffering from obesity or diabetes.
• Body weight gain.
• Feed intake.
• Histopathological characteristics of some organs in the experimental rats.
The study was conducted on 114 rats from male albino rats of the strain (Wister) be aged 8 weeks and ranged weight (150 ± 2 g). The rats were divided into three main groups.
1- Negative control group fed on a standard diet and drink water
The rest of the infected experimental animals were divided into two groups each major group consists of nine sub-groups fed the experimental group infected with obesity
2Induced experimental group with obesity were divided into 9 sub-groups
Subgroup (1) positive control group infected with obesity fed a hyperlipidemic diet and drink water until the end of the experiment.
Subgroup (2) fed on hyperlipidemic diet and given 1½ ml / 100 g body weight through the mouth of drink fennel for 6 weeks.
Subgroup (3) fed on hyperlipidemic diet and given 1½ ml / 100 g body weight through the mouth of drink marjoram for 6 weeks.
Subgroup (4) fed on hyperlipidemic diet and given 1½ ml / 100 g body weight through the mouth of drink sage for 6 weeks.
Subgroup (5) fed on hyperlipidemic diet and given 1½ ml / 100 g body weight through the mouth of drink ginger for 6 weeks.
The remaining four groups are given drinks but higher doses 3 ml / 100 g body weight by mouth for 6 weeks.
3- Induced diabetic experimental group was divided into 9 sub-groups
Subgroup (1) positive diabetic group fed a standard meal and drink water until the end of the experiment.
Subgroup (2) fed on a standard diet and given 1½ ml / 100 g body weight through the mouth of drink fennel for 6 weeks.
Subgroup (3) fed on a standard diet and given 1½ ml / 100 g body weight through the mouth of drink marjoram for 6 weeks.
Subgroup (4) fed on a standard diet and given 1½ ml / 100 g body weight through the mouth of drink sage for 6 weeks.
Subgroup (5) fed on a standard diet and given 1½ ml / 100 g body weight through the mouth of drink ginger l for 6 weeks.
The remaining four groups are given drinks but higher doses 3 ml / 100 g body weight by mouth for 6 weeks.
At the end of each experiment, rats were fasted overnight and anesthetized. Blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital plexus from all animals of each group into clean, dry and labeled tube .The tubes contained heparin (10.01U/ml) as anticoagulant. Blood was centrifuged to separated plasma which was tightly kept in sealed aliquot tubes at -20C until biochemical assays.
Results could be summarized as follows:-
There were significant differences among all studied groups of experimental rats in feed intake. In second main group obese rats the results revealed that with increasing the doses of fennel, marjoram, sage and ginger the feed intake were significant decreased
Except highly significant increase of feed intake at (p<0.01) has been observed for ginger with the low or high dose as compared control positive groups of experimental rats, (fed on hyperlipidemic diet).
Moreover, in third main group diabetic rats the results revealed that with increasing the doses of fennel, marjoram, sage and ginger the feed intake were significant increased as compared to control negative group.
There were highly significant differences among all studied groups of experimental rats in body weight gain. In second main group obese rats the results revealed the body weight gain has been increased significantly at (P<0.01) for control positive groups of experimental rats, as compared to control negative groups.
It may be due to, with the increasing the dose of fennel, marjoram, sage and ginger the body weight gain % has been decreased as compared to control positive groups.
Moreover, in third main group diabetic rats the results revealed that the body weight gain has been decreased significantly at (P<0.01) for control positive groups
However groups treated with low or high dose of tested herb of experimental rats tended to have increased body weight gain, as compared to control positive groups
There were significant differences among all studied groups of experimental rats level of Adiponectin and Leptin hormones In second main group obese rats The results revealed that adiponectin levels has been decreased significantly at (p<0.01) for positive group (untreated group fed on hyperlipidemic diet) as compared to control negative group.
Likewise, increase dose of tested herbs (fennel, marjoram, sage and ginger) level of adiponectin has been also increased while body weight gain decreased compared to positive group.
Serum adiponectin levels are negative relationship with body weight gain.
Moreover, in third main group diabetic rats the results revealed that with the increasing the dose of fennel, marjoram, sage and ginger the level of adiponectin has been also increased as compared to control positive group (untreated group). Serum adiponectin levels are Positive relationship with body weight gain.
Likewise, the leptin levels decreased significantly at (p<0.01) for all treated groups (fed on hyperlipidemic diet plus of different doses of fennel, marjoram, sage and ginger) of experimental rats as compared to control positive group.
Serum total cholesterol and triglycerides of tested groups which treated with the different doses of fennel, marjoram, sage and ginger recorded significant decrease at (P< 0.01), as compared to the positive control group.
With the increasing doses of with the increasing doses of of fennel, marjoram, sage and ginger of fennel, marjoram, sage and ginger The serum LDL-c , serum VLDL-c and HDL\LDL ratio decreased significantly as compared to positive control group.
In second main group obese rats the results revealed that the effect of different doses of fennel, marjoram, sage and ginger led to increase (HDL-c) significantly at (p<0.01) in rats as compared to control positive group. Ginger and marjoram with the low or high dose and tended to have the best effect for significant increase serum HDL cholesterol.
In third main group diabetic rats, control positive group had total HDL-c much higher than control negative group. Moreover, the level of
HDL-c sharply decreased for hyperglycemia groups treated with doses of fennel, marjoram, sage and ginger, as compared to control negative group.
Serum blood glucose of all tested groups which treated with the different doses of fennel, marjoram, sage and ginger recorded significant decrease at (P< 0.01), as compared to the positive control group Ginger and Marjoram with the low or high dose and tended to have the best effect for A significant decrease serum blood glucose
The present investigation revealed that experimental tested groups which treated with the different doses of fennel, marjoram, sage and ginger and infected groups resulted in good histopathological changes liver, kidney, and heart.