الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY
Blue-green algae are a prokaryotic algae and it has a wide range of differences in terms of form and structure which is economically important. For example, it is used as food for human and feed for animals and in the field of industry such as the production of biologically active substances as pharmaceutical and supplements, food and cosmetics. Also, agricultural field, such as developing land and agrarian biological fertilization and biological control of many fungal and bacterial diseases as well as in the environmental field for the treatment of contaminated water. All this start, attention and direction for the study of microalgae on a larger scale as a source for the production of bio-energy alternative to fossil energy source (such as biofuel, biodiesel and bioethyl). Excellence microalgae its proximity to a high of fatty acids content that can be converted into biofuel.
This study aims to improve the biomass of Spirulina in an attempt to increase the productivity of biomass and lipids content in the dry matter, which can be used in biodiesel production. The study was carried out at algal lab., Center of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, where the study included three phases:
The first phase, collecting samples from stagnant water for industrial and agricultural banks in the regions of Shubra Al Khaimah and Qalioub Qaliubiya government then grown on Sp medium to propagate and isolate and purify the Spirulina microalgae.
Phase II, study the effect of different concentrations for some nutrition elements such as nitrogen and carbon on the productivity of dry biomass of Spirulina, as well as on the percentage of fat content in dry matter.
Phase III, trying to genetic improvement through induction of mutations using EMS at Spirulina to increase the lipid content in the dry matter, as well as improving the productivity of biomass. In this work, biochemical and molecular genetic markers to detect the genetic variability and disparities between the new recombination (mutants induced) and wild type of Spirulina which is essential to facilitate improvement programs.
92
SUMMARY
Sherif S. El Ashmawy, (2017), M.Sc., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ.
Previous experiments have shown the stages of the following results:
1. The (Sp) medium is the best in increasing the productivity of biomass and lipids content.
2. The three concentrations 1.125X, 1.25X and 1.5Xg. of nitrogen source (NaNO3) gave comparable results for the weight of dry matter, but the percentage of lipids to concentrations 1.25X and 1.5X g higher significant (10.7 - 13%) than concentration 1.125 X g ( . 6 % )
3. Using different concentrations of carbon, the increase in biomass weight of the three concentrations very close and no significant differences but for the content of fatty shortage of treatment with concentration 1.25X g (6%) for concentration 1.125X g (7%), while adding focus 1.5X gm given percentage higher than the former ( 8.5 .)%
4. Add the element carbon with three concentrations mentioned and add for each of them a higher concentration of nitrogen, gave third-treatment (1.5X g source of carbon +1.5 X g source of nitrogen) manifold increase in biomass weight compared with the first treatment (1.125X g carbon + 1.5X g nitrogen) and the second treatment (1.25X g carbon + 1.5X g nitrogen) as already mentioned, but the content of fatty was graded from 3%, 4.35%, 4.5% respectively. In other words, the addition of carbon with high concentration to the medium during Spirulina growth, gave a slight improvement in the biomass with a high increase in the percentage of lipid content.
5. The nine mutations obtained using EMS and the results showed a compromise between the nine mutations for the dry weight of the output of the biomass, the treatment with high concentration of 0.1% EMS / 30 min., one of them gave the highest results in biomass weight of 0.6003 g, 0.5512 g before and after extraction, respectively, and by a wide margin in lipid content (8%) as compared with other mutants.
6. Electrophoresis of total proteins SDS-PAGE showed ability to distinguish each of the Spirulina wild type and nine mutants firmly by protein unique and other mono or polymorphic bands and the percentage of the polymorphism (100%.)
93
SUMMARY
Sherif S. El Ashmawy, (2017), M.Sc., Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ.
7. Electrophoresis to a calcium binding protein able to distinguish four mutants and wild type existence of seven distinct bands, and the percentage of polymorphism (85.7%).
8. Studying the polymorphism of proteins (SDS-PAGE and calcium binding protein) possible discrimination of all wild type of Spirulina and nine mutants presence of 42 similar bands and three different bands among between them, the percentage of polymorphism ( 93.3 %).
9. Studying peroxidase enzyme was obtained seven bands including similar four bands and different three bands among Spirulina wild type and their nine mutants, the percentage polymorphism was 43%. Peroxidase enzyme showed no characteristic markers for each of the mutants and wild type.
10. The five random primers using RAPD-PCR technique, gave seventy-six bands including six similar bands and seventy different bands shown polymorphism was 92.105%.
11. Finally, ISSR-PCR more clarification shown seventy-five bands with five random primers using a technique (ISSR-PCR), including four bands are similar and seventy-one differentiated by 94.67%.
12. from using the biochemical and molecular genetic methods for studying genetical variations among the nine mutants and wild type of Spirulina. Appeared importance of using the genetic improvement of microalgae for the possibility of a strain or a genetic combination distinct higher productivity biomass and lipids content, and that will help speed up the use of microalgae in biodiesel production