الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
This study was carried out on 49-50 years old of Acacia saligna in
El-Qasr area, Marsa Matrouh, North West Coastal zone, during 2013 and
2014. Acacia saligna trees were cultivated and used for stabilization of
moving sand dunes on five locations on the dune (foredune, windward
slope, crest, leeward slope and foot). Measurements of wind speed, sand
drift potential, grain size analysis, vegetative growth parameters, biomass
production, physiological parameters, chemical analysis of leaves and soil
analysis were estimated to evaluate growth and production of Acacia
saligna grown on different locations on the dune.
1. Analysis of climate data:
Climatic data of Marsa Matrouh station including (maximum,
minimum, and average of temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and wind
speed) blowing monthly during 2013 and 2014 were analyzed.
Temperature:
The Maximum temperature and minimum temperature (0C)
increased form January until August. Then temperature decreased from
August until December. The highest temperature was in August and the
lowest temperature was in January.
Rainfall:
Total rainfall was 120.39 mm/year in 2013 and the highest value of
rainfall was in December followed by January, May, November and
September. The other months not have any rainfall. Distribution of rainfall
was during five months only and the other seven months not have any
rainfall. During 2014 total rainfall was 60.96 mm/year and the highest
value of rainfall was in November followed by February, October, April,
September, March, May, December and January. The other months not
have any rainfall. Distribution of rainfall was good, rainfall fallen during
nine months and the other three months were have not any rainfall.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Ahmed, M. Easa (2016), Ph.D, Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ.
Relative humidity:
During 2013 the highest value of relative humidity (%) was in July
and the lowest value of relative humidity (%) was in March. But during
2014, the highest value of relative humidity (%) was in August and the
lowest value of relative humidity (%) was in May.
Effective wind percent:
The highest value of effective wind percent (%) was in July coming
from NNW direction, and the lowest value of effective wind percent (%)
was in July coming from SSE direction.
1.1. Wind speed:
Wind speed (m/s) before the trees was significantly low between
seasons, where the summer was the highest and the autumn was the lowest.
Furthermore, the locations on the dune differed significantly in wind speed,
the crest of dune was the highest and the leeward slope was the lowest in
wind speed. The crest of dune was the highest wind speed in the summer
and the leeward slope was the lowest wind speed in the spring. Wind speed
(m/s) between the trees was significantly between seasons, where the
summer was the highest and the autumn was the lowest. However, wind
speed differed significantly over the locations on the dune, where, the crest
of dune was the highest and the foot of dune was the lowest wind speed.
The crest of dune was the highest wind speed in the summer and the foot
of dune was the lowest wind speed in the autumn.
1.2. Sand drift potential:
Resultant sand drift potential (RDP) differed between months;
where, during February RDP recorded 728.12 VU and coming from
direction W and movement to direction ENE and it was the highest value
in all months. But, in November RDP was the lowest value in all months it
recorded 19.39 VU, coming from NW direction and movement to direction
ESE.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Ahmed, M. Easa (2016), Ph.D, Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ.
129
2. Gain size analysis:
Mechanical analysis El-Qasr sand dunes samples display unimodal
distribution with modal classes fall into fine sand size and rarely in medium
sand size in different locations on the dune. However, fine sands percentage
increased in noticeable manner in the leeward slopes and in the foot
compared to other locations on the dune. Sand dunes samples in El-Qasr
area are fall in shallow marine environment represented by 100 %. The
environment has turbidity current (100%).
3. Data Recorded:
3.1. Vegetative growth parameters:
The growth parameters studied were: the tree height, largest
diameter of canopy, smallest diameter of canopy, tree crown cover of
canopy, tree crown volume of canopy, shoot length, shoot elongation rate,
shoot diameter, leaves number/shoot, leaf area, leaf water content and
number, length and diameter for exposed roots.
1- The results showed that, tree height (m) was significantly different
between seasons. Moreover, autumn was the highest followed by
summer, spring and winter was the lowest (3.790, 3.772, 3.728 and
3.556 m, respectively). The foot of dune was the highest in tree height
followed by foredune, leeward slope, windward slope, then by the crest
of dune which was the lowest in tree height (4.722, 4.338, 3.785, 3.41
and 2.315 m, respectively).
2- The largest diameter of canopy (m) was significantly between seasons.
Whereas, the autumn was the highest followed by summer, spring, then
by winter which was the lowest value of largest diameter of canopy
(5.612, 5.584, 5.530 and 5.356 m, respectively). However, the foredune
was the highest in the largest diameter of canopy followed by
windward slope, foot, leeward slope, then by the crest of dune which
was the lowest value of largest diameter of canopy (6.738, 6.280,
5.508, 5.102 and 3.975 m, respectively).
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Ahmed, M. Easa (2016), Ph.D, Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ.
130
3- Smallest diameter of canopy (m) was insignificant between both of
autumn and summer, but they were significantly than other two
seasons, then they followed by spring and winter was the lowest in
smallest diameter of canopy (4.190, 4.172, 4.124 and 3.976 m,
respectively). The smallest diameter of canopy differed significant
between locations on the dune; the foredune was the highest value of
smallest diameter and the crest of dune was the lowest value in smallest
diameter of canopy (5.112, 4.516, 4.198, 3.535 and 3.215 m,
respectively).
4- Tree crown cover of canopy (m2) differed significantly between seasons,
where the autumn was the highest followed by summer, spring and the
winter was the lowest (18.95, 18.76, 18.42 and 17.20 m2, respectively).
However, the foredune was the highest in crown cover of canopy
(27.07m2) and the crest of dune was the lowest crown cover of canopy
(10.04 m2).
5- Tree crown volume of canopy (m3) was increased significantly between
seasons, where autumn was the highest (51.00 m3) and the winter was
the lowest crown volume of canopy (43.32 m3). The tree locations over
the dune was significantly, when the foredune was the highest in the
tree crown volume followed by foot, windward slope, leeward slope,
then by the crest of the dune which was the lowest crown volume of
canopy (79.75, 58.07, 51.32, 36.54 and 15.86 m3, respectively).
6- Shoot length (cm) differed significantly between seasons. However,
autumn was the highest shoot length followed by summer, spring, then
by the winter which was the lowest shoot length (39.08, 34.56, 25.13
and 18.01 cm, respectively). The tree locations over the dune was
significantly, the foot of the dune was the highest shoot length followed
by leeward slope, foredune, windward slope, then by the crest of the
dune which was the lowest in shoot length (35.73, 33.57, 31.08, 25.72
and 19.87 cm, respectively).
7- Shoot elongation rate (mm/day) differed significantly between seasons,
where, the winter was the highest (4.002 mm/day) and the autumn was
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Ahmed, M. Easa (2016), Ph.D, Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ.
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the lowest (0.482 mm/day). Furthermore, the tree locations over the
dune was significantly; the foot of the dune was the highest in shoot
elongation rate followed by both of leeward slope and foredune,
windward slope, then by the crest of the dune which was the lowest
shoot elongation rate (2.203, 2.030, 1.873, 1.543 and 1.234 mm/day,
respectively).
8- Shoot diameter (mm) increased significantly between seasons. However,
the autumn was the highest shoot diameter (5.362 mm) and the winter
was the lowest shoot diameter (1.474 mm). The foot of the dune was
the highest shoot diameter followed by foredune, leeward slope,
windward slope, then by the crest of the dune which was the lowest
shoot diameter(4.555, 3.813, 3.495, 3.047 and 2.287 mm, respectively).
9- Number of leaves / shoot differed significantly between seasons, where
the spring was the highest followed by summer, winter, and autumn
which was the lowest (11.93, 8.366, 6.358, and 6.118 leaves /shoot,
respectively). The trees grown over the different locations on the dune
was significantly. So, the foot of the dune was the highest in leaves
no./shoot followed by foredune, leeward slope, windward slope then by
the crest of the dune which was the lowest number of leaves / shoot
(10.40, 9.677, 8.165, 7.50 and 5.22, respectively).
10- Leaf area (cm2) decreased significantly with high temperature in
different seasons, where the spring was the highest leaf area followed
by winter, summer and autumn which was the lowest (6.894, 4.704,
3.644 and 3.324 cm2, respectively). However, leaf area differed
significantly between locations on the dune; the foot of the dune was
the highest followed by leeward slope, foredune, windward slope then
by the crest of the dune which was the lowest leaf area (5.380, 5.128,
4.707, 4.500 and 3.493 cm2, respectively).
11- Water percentage of leaves (%) differed significantly between seasons,
where the winter was the highest (72.85%) and the autumn was the
lowest water percentage of leaves (64.04 %). However, the trees grown
over the different locations on the dune was significantly. So, the foot
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Ahmed, M. Easa (2016), Ph.D, Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ.
132
of the dune was the highest in water percentage of leaves (71.04%) and
the crest of the dune was the lowest (62.61 %) water percentage of
leaves.
12- Number of exposed roots was insignificantly between seasons.
However, the trees grown over the different locations on the dune was
significantly. So, the foredune location was the highest number of
exposed roots followed by windward slope, crest, foot, then by the
leeward slope which was the lowest number of exposed roots (11.0,
8.0, 3.0, 1.50 and 0.00, respectively).
13- Length of exposed roots (cm) differed significantly between seasons,
where the autumn was the highest followed by summer, spring, then by
the winter which was the lowest (147.5, 145.9, 143.6 and 143.3 cm,
respectively). However, the tree locations over the dune were
significantly. So, the foredune was the highest length of exposed roots
followed by windward slope, crest, foot, then by the leeward slope
which was the lowest length of exposed roots (297.6, 214.7, 126.8,
86.21 and 0.00 cm, respectively).
14- Diameter of exposed roots (mm) increased significantly between
seasons, where the autumn was the highest (12.84 mm) and the winter
was the lowest diameter of exposed roots (12.66 mm). However, the
trees grown over the different locations on the dune was significantly.
The foredune was the highest diameter of exposed roots (34.51mm)
and the leeward slope was the lowest diameter of exposed roots (0.00
mm).
3.2. Sand erosion or accumulation:
Erosion or deposition (m3) differed significantly between seasons,
where the summer was the highest followed by autumn, spring, then by the
winter which was the lowest (0.214, 0.194, 0.110 and 0.068 m3,
respectively). However, the different locations over the dune increased
significantly, where the leeward slope was the highest deposition of sand
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Ahmed, M. Easa (2016), Ph.D, Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ.
133
followed by foot, crest, foredune, then by the windward slope which was
the lowest (0.27, 0.178, 0.115, 0.103 and 0.068 m3, respectively).
3.3. Biomass production:
Wood production:
Wood production (kg/tree) as Fresh weight of main trunk and
branches produced from Acacia saligna tees grown on different locations
on the dune was insignificant between both of foot and foredune locations
(92.72 and 88.68 kg/tree), but there were significantly higher than the other
three positions. Then they followed by windward slope, leeward slope and
the crest of the dune was the lowest in wood production as fresh weight
(75.37, 68.87 and 59.77 kg/tree, respectively).
Water percentage of wood (%):
Moisture content in wood production of Acacia saligna trees grown
on different locations on the dune was significantly. Whereas, the moisture
content in wood produced from foot of the dune was highest value (49.82
%) and the crest of the dune was the lowest moisture content (46.52 %).
Forage production:
Forage (shoots and leaves) production (kg/tree) as fresh weight
produced from Acacia saligna was significantly affected by different trees
locations on the dune, where the foredune was the best i.e. produced more
fresh weight of shoots and leaves followed by foot of the dune. Then both
of the windward and leeward slopes were insignificant between other but
were significant than the crest of the dune which was the lowest (36.30,
30.61, 27.70, 26.75 and 20.57 kg/tree, respectively).
Water percentage of forage (shoots and leaves) (%):
Moisture content in forage (shoots and leaves) produced from
Acacia saligna differed significantly between locations on the dune. Such
as, the moisture content was insignificantly between both of foot and
foredune (65.76, 65.53%), and also, between both of leeward and
windward slopes (64.62, 64.58%). But, every par was significant compared
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Ahmed, M. Easa (2016), Ph.D, Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ.
134
with the other one and the crest of the dune was the lowest moisture
content (60.75 %).
Roots production:
Roots production (kg/tree) as fresh weight was significantly
affected by trees locations over the dune, where the foredune location was
the best i.e. produced more fresh weight of roots followed by foot,
windward slope, leeward slope then by the crest of the dune which was the
lowest (93.00, 82.10, 79.16, 72.70 and 62.60 kg/tree, respectively).
Water percentage of roots (%):
Moisture content in roots of Acacia saligna differed significantly
between locations on the dune. Such as, the moisture content was
insignificantly between both of foot and foredune (61.91 and 61.29%), and
also, between both of windward and leeward slopes (57.68 and 57.32%).
But, every class was significant compared with the other one and the crest
of the dune was the lowest moisture content (51.91 %).
Total production:
Total production (kg/tree) of Acacia saligna as fresh weight was
significantly affected by different locations on the dune, where the
foredune was the best i.e. produced highest total fresh weight production
followed by foot, windward slope, leeward slope then by the crest location
on the dune which was the lowest (89.712, 84.708, 928788, 932769 and
908710 kg/tree, respectively).
4.4. Physiological parameters:
Leaf transpiration:
Transpiration (μg cm-2 s-1) differed significantly between seasons,
where the spring was the highest followed by summer, autumn, and winter
which was the lowest (54.53, 35.22, 26.33, and 17.62 μg cm-2 s-1,
respectively). The trees locations on the dune differed significantly. So, the
trees grown on the foredune location produced the highest value of
transpiration followed by foot, windward slope and leeward slope (in the
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Ahmed, M. Easa (2016), Ph.D, Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ.
135
same par), then by the crest of the dune which was the lowest transpiration
of leaves (39.15, 37.82, 32.05, 31.88 and 26.24 μg cm-2 s-1, respectively).
Stomatal conductance of leaves:
Stomatal conductance of leaves (cm s-1) differed significantly
between seasons, where the spring was the highest (8.927cm s-1) and the
autumn was the lowest stomatal conductance (0.734 cm s-1). The tree
locations on the dune differed significantly. So, the trees grown on the
foredune location produced the highest value of stomatal conductance
followed by foot, windward slope and leeward slope, then by the crest of
the dune which was the lowest stomatal conductance (4.303, 4.192, 3.945,
3.839 and 3.101 cm s-1, respectively).
Flow of CO2:
Flow of CO2 (cm3 s-1) through the stomata was significantly
between seasons, where the spring was the highest (4.799 cm3 s-1) and the
autumn was the lowest flow of CO2 (1.583 cm3 s-1). The different locations
on the dune differed significantly. So, the trees grown on the foredune
location produced the highest value of CO2 flow followed by foot,
windward slope, leeward slope, then by the crest of the dune which was the
lowest CO2 flow (3.501, 3.274, 3.016, 2.900 and 2.445 cm3 s-1,
respectively).
Leaf temperature:
Leaf temperature (0c) differed significantly between seasons, where
the summer was the highest followed by spring, winter, and autumn which
was the lowest leaf temperature (31.00, 26.78, 26.14, and 24.65 0c,
respectively). The trees location over the dune differed significantly,
where, the trees grown on the foot of the dune produced the highest value
of leaf temperature followed by crest, leeward slope, windward slope, then
by the foredune location which was the lowest in leaf temperature (27.56,
27.8, 27.13, 26.96 and 26.68 0c, respectively).
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Ahmed, M. Easa (2016), Ph.D, Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ.
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4. Chemical analysis:
4.1. Chemical analysis of leaves:
Total Nitrogen:
Total Nitrogen in leaves (%) differed significantly between
seasons, where the spring was the highest (3.450 %) and the autumn was
the lowest (3.201 %) in total Nitrogen. The locations on the dune differed
significantly, where, the trees grown on the foot and foredune locations
produced the highest value of total N in leaves (%) and were in the same
par, also, leeward and windward slopes were in the same par, then the crest
of the dune was the lowest in leaves content of total N (3.943, 3.829,
3.444, 3.316 and 2.103 %, respectively).
Phosphorous:
There are no significant differences in leaves content of P (%)
between both of spring and winter, and also, between both of summer and
autumn. There are no significant differences in leaves content of P (%)
between both of foot and foredune locations, and also, between both of
windward and leeward slopes. However, the crest of the dune was the
lowest in leaves content of P.
Potassium:
Leaves content of K (%) differed significantly between seasons,
where the spring was the highest followed by winter and both of summer
and autumn were in the same par (0.670, 0.645, 0.635, and 0.626 %,
respectively). There are no significant differences in leaves content of K
(%) between both of foot and foredune locations, and also, between both of
windward and leeward slopes. However, the crest of the dune was the
lowest in leaves content of K.
4.2. Proline:
There are no significant differences in leaves content of free Proline
(μ mole/gm) between both of autumn and summer, and also, between both
of spring and winter (6.815, 6.565, 6.190 and 5.995 μ mole/gm.,
respectively). Also, there are no significant differences in leaves content of
free Proline between leeward slope, foredune and foot locations. However,
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Ahmed, M. Easa (2016), Ph.D, Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ.
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the crest of the dune was the highest in leaves content of free Proline
followed by windward slope and then by all of leeward slope, foredune and
foot locations (7.975, 6.558, 5.913, 5.850 and 5.581 μ mole/gm.,
respectively).
4.3. Total Carbohydrate:
Leaves content of total Carbohydrate (%) was significantly between
seasons, where the spring was the highest (9.806 %) and the autumn was
the lowest (9.033 %) in total Carbohydrate. There are no significant
differences in leaves content of total Carbohydrate (%) between both of
foot and foredune locations, and also, between both of windward and
leeward slopes. However, the crest of the dune was the lowest in leaves
content of total Carbohydrate.
4.4. Total Chlorophyll:
Leaves content of total Chlorophyll (SPAD) significantly increased
between seasons, where the summer was the highest (59.81 SPAD) and the
winter was the lowest (45.88 SPAD). The locations on the dune differed
significantly, where; the trees grown on the foot of the dune produced the
highest value of total Chlorophyll in leaves followed by foredune, leeward
slope, windward slope, then by the crest of the dune which was the lowest
in leaves content of total Chlorophyll (65.47, 63.62, 50.13, 48.04 and 40.76
SPAD, respectively).
5. Soil analysis:
5.1. Soil moisture percentage:
The percentage of soil moisture decreased significantly from winter
(2.9 %) to spring and continued in decreasing in summer and first half of
autumn which was the lowest in soil moisture content (0.78 %) in all five
locations on the dune, and then increased again in the second half of the
autumn. The decreasing of soil moisture content was sharply from winter
to spring because of the sandy soil lost the moisture from the surface layer
so fast until depth 1 m and then decreased slowly until summer in the two
different seasons. This content of soil moisture was closely enough to the
growth of the trees.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Ahmed, M. Easa (2016), Ph.D, Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ.
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5.2. Chemical analysis of soil:
pH:
The pH values were differed significantly between different
locations on the dune. Where, the crest of the dune was the highest value of
pH (8.56) and dune foot was the lowest value of pH (8.37). Also pH
significantly increased beneath trees canopy in depth 60-90 cm (8.600)
compared to other depths. pH values outside canopy was significantly
higher compared to inside canopy (8.610 and 8.440, respectively).
EC:
The EC values (dS/m) differed significantly between different
locations on the dune. The foot of the dune was the highest value of EC
(0.541 dS/m) and the crest location was the lowest EC (0.29 dS/m).
Moreover, EC under canopy in depth 60-90 cm was the highest followed
by depth 30-60 cm, then by depth 0-30 cm which was the lowest EC
(0.572, 0.376 and 0.301 dS/m, respectively). Also, EC outside canopy was
higher compared to inside canopy (0.682 and 0.404 dS/m, respectively).
Soil organic matter (%):
Soil organic matter (SOM) (%) significantly increased between
different locations on the dune. where, the foot of the dune was the highest
value of SOM (1.413 %) compared to other locations. However, the crest
of the dune was the lowest SOM (0.870 %). Also SOM (%) significantly
increased beneath trees canopy in depth 0-30 cm (1.67%) compared to
other depths. SOM (%) inside canopy was significantly higher compared to
outside canopy (1.138 and 0.366 %, respectively).
Available N:
Soil content of A. N (mg/kg) significantly increased in dune foot
(146.57 mg/kg) compared with the other dune locations and the dune crest
was the lowest A.N content (106.40 mg/kg). Moreover, A.N content under
canopy in depth 0-30 cm was the highest followed by depth 30-60 cm, and
then by depth 60-90 cm which was the lowest A.N content (195.38, 125.57
and 76.70 mg/kg, respectively). Also, A.N content inside canopy was
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Ahmed, M. Easa (2016), Ph.D, Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ.
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significantly higher compared to outside canopy (132.5 and 54.57 mg/kg,
respectively).
Available P:
A. P content (mg/kg) in soil significantly increased in dune foot
compared to other dune positions, followed by foredune, leeward slope,
windward slope and the dune crest was the lowest value of A. P content
(5.250, 5.035, 4.458, 4.137 and 3.10 mg/kg, respectively). Although, A. P
content significantly increased under tree canopy at depth 0-30 cm (6.254
mg/kg) compared to other depths. However, A.P content inside canopy
was significantly higher compared to outside canopy (4.402 and 1.101
mg/kg, respectively).
Available K:
Soil content of A. K (mg/kg) differed significantly between
different locations on the dune, where, the foot of the dune was the highest
(162.0 mg/kg) compared with the other dune locations, and the crest of the
dune was the lowest value of A. K (15.33 mg/kg). However, A. K content
increased significantly under tree canopy at depth 0-30 cm (173.8 mg/kg)
compared to other depths. However, A.K content inside canopy was
significantly higher compared to outside canopy (87.80 and 6.80 mg/kg,
respectively)