الفهرس 
General IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Recently, Areas which attracted a great deal of attention are the hepaoprotective drugs used in folk medicine.
Plants are a rich source of bioactive chemical classes, which may serve as a substitute to currently consumed synthetic hepatoprotective drugs. This is the reason behind the attempts for screening plants in order to find some economical sources of antioxidants which can be included in the pharmaceutical preparation.
C. intybus, Linn belonging to family Asteraceae and C. tora, Linn belonging to family Leguminosae are the two selected plants chosen for their reported hepaoprotective activities.
C. intybus, L. is commonly known as Kasani, Hinduba, Kasni and C. tora L. is commonly known as sickle senna, sickle pod, tora, coffee pod, tovara, chakvad and foetid cassia.
The Present work includes:
Part One:
Cichorium intybus, L.:
Chapter one: Taxonomy and review of literature:
Many studies were found on this genus, so this work was designed to confirm and establish new compounds.
Chapter two: Phytochemical investigation of Cichorium intybus, L. seeds
1. Investigation of Cichorium intybus, L.Lipoid matter
Gc/Ms of the total unsaponifiable matters of seeds of C. intybus, L. revealed:
-Separation of compound C1 that was identified as β-Sitosterol.
- Separation of compound C2 that was identified as Lupeol.
1. Gc/Ms analysis of Fatty acids methyl esters revealed:
1-GC-MS analysis of fatty acid methyl esters revealed that a total of eleven fatty acids were identified.
2-The fatty acids are representing 92.57% of the total lipoidal content in the seeds of C. intybus seeds.
3-The unsaturated fatty acids are five in number and are predominant in the seeds with a percentage of 61.41% with the major fatty acid Linoleic acid Cis (Z,Z) C18:2 reaching 58.980% in the seeds. Other unsaturated fatty acids included Linoleic acid Trans (E, E) C18:2 (0.59%), Palmitoleic acid C16:1 with a percentage of (0.38%), Linolenic acid C18:3 (0.81%) and Eicosenoic acid C20:1(0.65%).
4-The saturated fatty acids are six in number with a percentage of 31.16% , the major of which is Palmitic acid C16:0 (19.77%), other fatty acids included, Stearic acid C18:0(9.07%) and
Eicosanoic acid C20:0 (1.69) Lauric acid C12:0 (0.13%), Malvalic acid C18:0 (0.44%) and Myrestic acid C14:0 (0.06%).
B- Investigation of Cichorium intybus, L. defatted Powder:
A: Extraction and fractionation:
The air dried powdered seeds of C. intybus, L. were defatted with n-hexane till exhaustion.
The defatted powder was extracted with ethanol 70% till exhaustion at room temperature.The viscous alcoholic extract was then exposed to successive extraction with each of the solvents; chloroform, ethyl acetate, and finally the aqueous extract was concentrated and extracted with methanol.
B: Isolation of the constituents of the chloroform fraction:
The chloroform fraction was subjected to column chromatography.
Gradient elution was carried out using, chloroform, chloroform-methanol mixture of increasing polarity and lastly with 100% methanol. Fractions were collected and monitored by TLC.
Collective fractions were re-fractionated for purification by repeated column chromatography and resulted in the isolation of compounds C3-C5.
The structures of these isolated compounds were established on the basis of physicochemical and spectroscopic data.
The isolated compounds were identified as:
-Compound C3: Cichoriolide (25 mg), isolated as oily liquid, deep quenching with UV light, it is soluble in chloroform, methylene chloride and slightly soluble in methanol.
-Compound C4: Lupeolyl arabinose (20 mg), isolated as white needles, soluble in chloroform, methylene chloride and slightly soluble in methanol, no quenching with UV light and red colour with salkowski’s test. .
- Compound C5: β-sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (20 mg), isolated as white small crystals, soluble in chloroform, methylene chloride and slightly soluble in methanol, no quenching with UV light and red colour with salkowski’s test.
C: Isolation of the constituents of the ethyl acetate fraction:
The ethyl acetate fraction was chromatographed on paper chromatography using a glass jar.
The observation of two clear spots under the U.V, revealed the presence of 2 major spots which were isolated by prep TLC to yield two compounds (C6 and C7).
The structures of these isolated compounds were established on the basis of physicochemical and spectroscopic data.
The isolated compounds were identified as:
-Compound C6: Caffeic acid (20 mg), pale yellow granules, m.p 194 ° C-198° C soluble in chloroform, ethyl acetate, alcohol and slightly soluble in cold water.
-Compound C7: Chlorogenic acid (17 mg), was isolated as pale yellow needles from ethyl acetate fraction, it is soluble in methanol, m.p 208 ° C -210 ° C.
Chapter three:
Biological evaluation of Cichorium intybus, L. seeds:
Administration of the total and the defatted alcoholic extracts of the C. intybus, L. seeds in a dose of 500 mg/kg b.wt. during the whole experiment showed variable extent of protection when compared with the standard drug silymarin against carbon tetra chloride intoxication in rats as follows:
2. CIT and CID were found to be nearly as effective as silymarin in lowering the levels of GPT in blood when compared to the standard drug silymarin.
3. CIT was found to be more effective in restoring the levels of ALB in blood when compared to the standard drug silymarin.
4. CIT was found to be more effective than silymarin the standard drug in increasing the Platelets count.
5. CID was found to be nearly as effective as silymarin in restoring the levels of ALB in blood when compared to the standard drug silymarin.
Part two:
Cassia tora, L.:
Chapter one:
Taxonomy and review of literature:
Many studies were found on this genus, so this work was designed to confirm and establish new compounds.
Chapter two: Phytochemical investigation of Cassia tora, L. seeds:
1. Investigation of Cassia tora,, L. lipoid matter:
2. GC-MS of the total unsaponifiable matters of seeds of C. tora, L. revealed:
-Separation of compound Ca 1 that was identified as. Stigmasterol
- Separation of compound Ca 2 that was identified as β-Sitosterol.
GC-MS analysis of Fatty acids methyl esters revealed:
1. 27 fatty acids methyl esters were identified.
2-The fatty acids are representing 45.73% of the total lipoid matter in the C. tora, L. seeds.
3-The unsaturated fatty acids are fiften in number with a percentage of 12.53% with the major fatty acid Oleic acid C19:1 reaching 5.52% in the seeds. Other unsaturated fatty acids included Cis-10-Heptadecenoic acid C17:1 (0.20%), Palmitoleic acid C16:1 with a percentage of (1.04%), 9, 12-Linoleic acid, Trans, E, E C18:2 (0.62%), Linoleic acid, Cis, Z, Z C18:2 (0.37%), 9, 12, 15-Octadecatrienoic acid C18:3 (0.11%),10-Nonadecenoic acid C19:1 (0.06%), γ -Linolenic acid Cis C18:3 (0.15%), 9,12,15-Linolenic acid Z,Z,Z C18:3 (0.17%),11-Eicosenoic acid C20:1(1.58%),14, 17- Octadecadienoic acid C18:2 (0.30%), 13E-Octadecenoic acidC18:1.
(0.10%), 12-hydroxy, 9-Octadecenoic acid C18:1 (1.13%), 12.13-epoxy, 11-methoxy-9-octadecenoic acid C19:1 (0.59%), 15-Tetracosenoic acid C24:1 (0.59%).
4-The saturated fatty acids are predominant and are twelve in number with a percentage of 33.16%, the major of which is Palmitic acid C16:0 (14.9%), other fatty acids included, Heptadecanoic acid C17:0 (0.32%) and Myrestic acid C14:0 (0.22%), Pentadecanoic acid C15:0 (0.16%), Stearic acid C18:0 (10.53%) and Cyclopropaneoctanoic acid C19:0 (0.05%), Nonadecanoic acid C19:0 (0.11%), Eicosanoic acid C20:0 (4.90%), Heneicosanoic acid C21:0 (0.59%), 9, 10-dihydroxy, Octadecanoic acid C18:0 (0.10%), Behenic acid C22:0 (1.13%), Tricosanoic acid C23:0 (0.10%).
B- Investigation of Cassia tora, L. defatted powder:
A: Extraction and fractionation:
The air dried powdered seeds of C. tora, L. were defatted with n-hexane till exhaustion.
The defatted powder was extracted with ethanol 70% till exhaustion at room temperature then in was concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure. The viscous alcoholic extract was then exposed to successive extraction with each of the solvents; chloroform, ethyl acetate, and finally the aqueous extract was concentrated and extracted with methanol.
B: Identification of the ethyl acetate fraction constituents:
Due to the fact that the main biological activity of C. tora L seeds is attributed to its phenolic compounds content which are mainly isolated from Ethyl acetate fraction and to avoid repetition of work and to save time, it was deemed necessary to conform the presence of these phenolic compounds in the Ethyl acetate fraction obtained in this work. This confirmation was done by GC-MS and LC-MS analysis and the results obtained were as follows:
The structures of these isolated compounds were established on the basis of molecular formula and fragmentation pattern and they were identified as:
-Fragmentation of Ca 3: chrysophanol: The mass fragmentation of the peak eluted at Rt 35.69 min revealed a molecular ion peak (base peak) (M+) appeared at 254 suggested the formula as C15H10O4 with a percentage of 100%.
- Fragmentation of Ca 4: chrysarobin: The mass fragmentation of the peak eluted at Rt 35.2 min revealed a molecular ion peak (base peak) (M+) appeared at 240 suggested the formula as C15H12O3 with a percentage of 100%.
- Fragmentation of Ca 5: 10-hydroxy-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1, 4-anthracenedione: The mass fragmentation of the peak eluted at Rt 38.8 min revealed Molecular ion peak (M+) appeared at 268 suggested the formula as C16H12O4 with a percentage of 100%.
- Fragemnation of Ca 6: Rubrofusarin: The mass fragmentation of the peak eluted at Rt 40.780 min revealed Molecular ion peak (M+) appeared at 272 suggested the formula as C15H12O5 with a percentage of 100%.
- Fragmentation of Ca 7: Parietin: The mass fragmentation of the peak eluted at Rt 40.50 min revealed molecular ion peak (M+) appeared at 284 suggested the formula as C16H12O5 with a percentage of 100%.
- Fragmentation of Ca 8: Griseoxanthone-B: The mass fragmentation of the peak eluted at Rt 40 min revealed Molecular ion peak (M+) appeared at 272 suggested the formula as C15H12O5 with a percentage of 100%.
- Fragmentation of Ca 9: Isotorachrysone: The mass fragmentation of the peak eluted at Rt 35.7 min revealed molecular ion peak (M+) appeared at 246 suggested the formula as C14H14O4 with a percentage of 62.3%, bass peak of M/z 231 (M-CH3).
- Fragmentation of Ca 10: Cumbiasin B: The mass fragmentation of the peak eluted at Rt 35 min revealed Molecular ion peak (M+) appeared at 348 suggested the formula as C20H28O5 with a percentage of 0.34% plus base peak as M/z 259 (M-C3H5O3) 100%.
Chapter three
Biological evaluation of Cassia tora, L. seeds:
Administration of the total and the defatted alcoholic extracts of the C. tora, L. seeds in a dose of 500 mg/kg b.wt. during the whole experiment showed variable extent of protection when compared with the standard drug silymarin against carbon tetra chloride intoxication in rats as follows:
CTT was found to be more effective than silymarin the standard drug in reducing the levels of GPT and GOT levels.
CTD was found to be close to the effect of the standard drug silymarin in reducing the levels of GPT and GOT levels.
CTT was found to be more effective than silymarin the standard drug in increasing the albumin levels and in increasing platelets count decreased by toxicity of CCl4.
CTD was found to be less effective than the standard drug silymarin in increasing the albumin levels and platelets count decreased by toxicity of CCl4.