الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY
Effect of high protein diet in the presence of green tea and fish oil on
rats suffering from obesity
Obesity is a worldwide problem. It is tightly associated with
dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, all posing huge
threats to human health. The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA),
such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA),
are known as anti-obesity factors. Fish oil containing high concentrations of
DHA and EPA is considered a good source of these n-3 PUFA. One of
the major concerns related to the increasing obesity incidence is its
association with other pathological signs, including hypertension,
dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance. The
combination of these features constitutes the so-called metabolic
syndrome that dramatically increases the risk to develop cardiovascular
disease or diabetes.
The major effects of n-3 PUFA on modulating lipid metabolism are
to promote lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation and to inhibit lipogenesis.
Treatments with DHA increase glycerol release, an indicator of lipolysis
in murine and human adipocytes.
Green tea catechins GTCs with caffeine is associated with
statistically significant reductions in BMI, body weight, and waist
circumference WC; however, the clinical significance of these reductions
is modest at best. Current data do not suggest that GTCs alone positively
alter anthropometric measurements.
The main target of the present work will be studied the effect of
low and high protein diet in the presence of green tea and fish oil on rats
suffering from obesity.
Green tea and fish oil were obtained from local market, Cairo,
Egypt were investigated on the Serum Cholesterol, Serum Triglycerides,
High density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol
and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol. This work was carried out
on male albino rats sprague Dawley Strain (70 rats) after adaptation
period, the rats were divided into three main groups different percentages
of protein and 8 subgroups different percentages of green tea and fish oil.
The obtained results could be summarized in the main following
point.
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Effect of normal and high protein diet in the presence of green tea
and fish oil on fed intake organs weight/body weight% and weight
gains of rats suffering from obesity.
Feed intake (g/day/rat)
Feeding healthy rats on balanced diet containing (28% protein)
decreased the mean value of feed intake, as compared to healthy rats fed
on the same diet but containing 14% protein. The same trend was
observed when fed rats on high fat diet containing 28% protein, as
compared to the rats fed on high fat diet containing 14% protein.
Treated obese groups with low and high levels from green tea or
feeding obese rats with high fat diet containing fish oil and treated daily
with green tea in the presence of normal and high protein diet led
decrease in feed intake, as compared to the positive control groups. This
may be due to the effect of green tea.
Changes of weights (g):
Feeding rats on high fat diet containing (normal and high protein)
and treated with green tea, fish oil and (green tea &fish oil together)
caused significant decrease in final weight, as compared to the positive
control groups.
Treating obese rats with high fat diet containing high protein level
(28%) and 10% fish oil and treated with 10 ml green tea / rat / day caused
the highest decrease in the weight and recorded the best results.
Body weight gain % (BWG%):
The mean value of BWG% of all obese groups (treated and nontreated)
in the initial period showed significant increase p<0.05, as
compared to non-obese groups. Final BWG% of rats (obese and nonobese)
which fed on high protein diet decreased significantly p<0.05, as
compared to rats fed on normal protein diet. BWG% of the positive
control groups increased significantly, as compared to the negative
control group.
All treated groups showed significant decrease in BWG%, as
compared to the positive control group, the highest decrease in BWG%
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recorded for the group which treated with high fat diet containing high protein
level (28%) and 10% fish oil and treated with 10 ml green tea / rat / day.
Liver and kidney weights / body weights %:
Liver and kidney weights / body weights % of obese rats increased
significantly p<0.05, as compared to the negative control groups. Liver
and kidney weights / body weights % of all treated groups decreased
significantly, as compared to the positive control group. Liver and kidney
weights / body weights % of obese group which treated with 10% fish oil
and 10ml green tea together recorded the best results, followed by the
group treated with high protein diet and treated with 10% fish oil.
Effect of normal and high protein diets in the presence of green tea and
fish oil on serum cholesterol of rats suffering from obesity.
Feeding healthy rats on balanced diet containing (28% protein)
decreased the mean value of serum cholesterol, as compared to healthy
rats fed on the same diet but containing 14% protein. The same trend was
observed in obese groups (control positive groups).
Treated obese group with low and high levels from green tea, fish
oil and their combination in the presence of normal and high protein diet
led to significant decrease in serum cholesterol (p< 0.05), as compared to
the positive control groups.
Feeding obese groups with high fat diet containing (5% fish oil,
14% protein and treated daily with 5 ml green tea/ each rat) and (10% fish
oil, 28% protein and treated daily with 10 ml green tea) recorded the best
results in serum cholesterol, because these groups showed significant
decrease in this parameter, as compared to other treated group, followed
by the groups fed on high fat diet and treated daily with 10ml green tea,
or high fat diet containing 5% fish oil.
Effect of normal and high protein diets in the presence of green tea and
fish oil on serum triglyceride of rats suffering from obesity.
Feeding healthy rats on high protein diet induced significant
decrease in serum triglyceride, as compared to the group fed on normal
protein diet. The same trend was observed when compared obese groups
(control +ve groups).
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Feeding obese rats on high fat diet containing normal or high
protein diet and treating with low and high levels from green tea or fish
oil and or their combination led to significant decreased in serum
triglyceride, as compared to the positive control groups.
The best results in serum triglycerides recorded for the group (fed
on high fat diet containing normal level of protein and 5% fish oil) and
treated daily with 5ml green tea/each rat, and the group (fed on high fat
diet containing high level of protein and 10% fish oil) and treated daily
with 10 ml green tea/each rat, recorded the best results in triglycerides.
These groups showed significant decrease p< 0.05, as compared to other
treated groups.
Effect of normal and high protein diets in the presence of green tea and
fish oil on serum HDL-c of rats suffering from obesity.
The mean value of serum HDL-c in healthy group fed on basal diet
containing 14% protein did not change significantly, as compared to the
mean value of serum HDL-c healthy group fed on balanced diet
containing 28% protein. While the mean value of serum HDL-c of obese
group fed on high fat diet containing 28% protein increased significantly
p< 0.05, as compared to the mean value of serum HDL-c of obese group
fed on high fat diet containing 14% protein. On the other hand, serum
HDL-c of the positive control groups decreased significantly p< 0.05, as
compared to this parameter in the negative control group.
All tested diets improved the mean value of serum HDL-c, as
compared to the positive control groups. Feeding obese rats on high fat
diet containing 28% protein and 10% fish oil, and treated daily with 10
ml green tea/rat increased the mean value of serum HDL-c, as compared
to other treated groups, except the group fed on high fat diet containing
28% protein and 5% fish oil, and treated daily with 5 ml green tea/rat.
Effect of normal and high protein diets in the presence of green tea and
fish oil on serum LDL-c of rats suffering from obesity.
Feeding healthy rats on balanced diet containing (28% protein)
decreased the mean value of serum LDL-c, as compared to healthy rats
fed on the same diet but containing 14% protein. The same trend was
observed in obese groups (control positive groups).
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Feeding obese groups with high fat diet containing (10% fish oil,
28% protein and treated daily with 10 ml green tea) recorded the best
results in serum LDL-c, because this group showed significant decrease
in this parameter, as compared to other treated group, followed by the
group fed on high fat diet containing (5% fish oil, 14 % protein and
treated daily with 5 ml green tea).
Effect of normal and high protein diets in the presence of green tea and
fish oil on serum VLDL-c of rats suffering from obesity.
Feeding healthy rats on high protein diet induced significant
decrease in serum VLDL-c, as compared to the group fed on normal
protein diet. The same trend was observed when compared obese groups
(control +ve groups).
Feeding obese rats on high fat diet containing normal or high
protein diet and treating with low and high levels from green tea or fish
oil and or their combination led to significant decreased in serum VLDLc
, as compared to the positive control groups.
The best results in serum VLDL-c recorded for the group (fed on
high fat diet containing normal level of protein and 5% fish oil) and
treated daily with 5ml green tea/each rat, and the group (fed on high fat
diet containing high level of protein and 10% fish oil) and treated daily.
Effect of normal and high protein diets in the presence of green tea and
fish oil on kidney functions of rats suffering from obesity.
Feeding healthy rats on high protein diet increased the mean values
of serum uric acid, urea nitrogen and creatinine, as compared to the
rats fed on normal protein diet.
Feeding obese groups (+ve control groups) on high fat diet showed
significant increase p<0.05 in serum uric acid, urea nitrogen and
creatinine, as compared to the negative control group.
Feeding obese group (+ve control group) on high fat diet containing
high level from protein showed significant increase p<0.05 in serum
uric acid, urea nitrogen and creatinine, as compared to obese group
fed on high fat diet containing normal level of protein.
Treated obese rats daily with green tea (5ml and 10ml) in the
presence high fat diet containing (14% and 28% protein) induced
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significant decrease p<0.05 in serum uric acid, urea nitrogen and
creatinine, as compared to non treated obese groups fed on high fat
diet only.
Feeding obese rats on high fat diet containing fish oil(5% and 10%)
improved the mean values of serum uric acid, urea nitrogen and
creatinine, as compared to obese groups fed on high fat diet only.
Feeding obese rats on high fat diet containing fish oil(5% and 10%)
and treated daily with (5ml and 10ml green tea) led to significant
decrease p<0.05 in serum uric acid, urea nitrogen and creatinine, as
compared to obese groups fed on high fat diet and the groups
treated with green tea or fish oil only.
Effect of normal and high protein diets in the presence of green tea
and fish oil on liver enzymes of rats suffering from obesity.
Feeding healthy rats on high protein diet increased the mean values
of serum AST, ALT and ALP, as compared to the rats fed on
normal protein diet.
Feeding obese groups (+ve control groups) on high fat diet showed
significant increase p<0.05 in serum AST, ALT and ALP, as
compared to the negative control group.
Feeding obese groups (+ve control groups) on high fat diet
containing high level from protein showed significant increase
p<0.05 in serum AST, ALT and ALP, as compared to obese group
fed on high fat diet containing normal level of protein.
Treated obese rats daily with green tea (5ml and 10ml) in the
presence high fat diet containing (14% and 28% protein) induced
significant decrease p<0.05 in serum AST, ALT and ALP, as
compared to non treated obese groups fed on high fat diet only.
Feeding obese rats on high fat diet containing fish oil(5% and 10%)
improved the mean values of serum AST, ALT and ALP enzymes,
as compared to obese groups fed on high fat diet only.
Feeding obese rats on high fat diet containing fish oil(5% and 10%)
and treated daily with (5ml and 10ml green tea) led to significant
decrease p<0.05 in serum AST, ALT and ALP enzymes, as
compared to obese groups fed on high fat diet and the groups
treated with green tea or fish oil only.
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Effect of normal and high protein diets in the presence of green tea
and fish oil on serum glucose of rats suffering from obesity.
Feeding healthy rats on high protein diet decreased the mean values
of serum glucose, as compared to the rats fed on normal protein
diet.
Feeding obese groups (+ve control groups) on high fat diet
containing (14% and 28% protein) showed significant increase
p<0.05 in serum glucose, as compared to the negative control
groups.
Feeding obese groups (+ve control groups) on high fat diet
containing high level from protein showed significant decrease
p<0.05 in serum glucose, as compared to obese group fed on high
fat diet containing normal level of protein.
Treated obese rats daily with green tea (5ml and 10ml) in the
presence high fat diet containing (14% and 28% protein) induced
significant decrease p<0.05 in serum glucose, as compared to non
treated obese groups fed on high fat diet only.
Feeding obese rats on high fat diet containing fish oil(5% and 10%)
improved the mean values of serum glucose, as compared to obese
groups fed on high fat diet only.
Feeding obese rats on high fat diet containing fish oil (5% and 10%)
and treated daily with (5ml and 10ml green tea) led to significant
decrease p<0.05 in serum glucose, as compared to obese groups fed
on high fat diet and the groups treated with green tea or fish oil
only.
Effect of normal and high protein diet in the presence of green tea
and fish oil on BMD and BMC of femur bone of rats suffering from
obesity.
Feeding healthy rats on high protein diet decreased the mean values
of BMD and BMC, as compared to the rats fed on normal protein
diet.
Feeding obese group (+ve control groups) on high fat diet
containing high level from protein showed significant decrease
p<0.05 in BMD and BMC, as compared to obese group fed on high
fat diet containing normal level of protein.
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Feeding obese groups (+ve control groups) on high fat diet
containing low and high levels of protein showed significant
decrease p<0.05 in BMD and BMC, as compared to the negative
control group fed on basal diet containing the same levels of
protein.
Treated obese rats daily with green tea (5ml and 10ml) in the
presence high fat diet containing (14% and 28% protein) improved
BMD and BMC, as compared to non treated obese groups fed on
high fat diet only.
Feeding obese rats on high fat diet containing fish oil(5% and 10%)
induced significant increase in the mean values of BMD and BMC,
as compared to obese groups fed on high fat diet only.
Feeding obese rats on high fat diet containing fish oil(5% and 10%)
and treated daily with (5ml and 10ml green tea) led to significant
increase p<0.05 in these parameters, as compared to obese groups
fed on high fat diet and the groups treated with green tea.