الفهرس 
Intravenous fluid therapy:
Spinal anesthesiaOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Neuraxial anesthesia has become the anesthetic technique of choice for Cesarean delivery, and has resulted in a reduction in maternal mortality. Hypotension occurs as a result of aortocaval compression, the effects of the spinal anesthesia itself, and the usual physiological changes associated with normal pregnancy, so, without adequate prophylaxis or treatment, spinal anesthesia is associated with maternal hypotension in 80–83 % of parturients which is commonly associated with adverse effects for both mother and fetus A variety of measures to prevent hypotension have been tried such as prior hydration, moving the uterus to the left side, and Vasopressors, Administration of vasopressor drugs is the main prevention and treatment strategy of spinal anesthesia–induced hypotension. Ephedrine, a mixed agonist of α and β adrenoreceptor, maintains blood pressure predominantly by activating β 1 adrenoreceptor and increasing cardiac output and heart rate. However, phedrine is able to cross the placental barrier and causes an increase in fetal heart rate and an increase in fetal catecholamine levels, which may mediate an increase in oxygen consumption and increase in glucose and lactic acid concentrations. Phenylephrine is a pure α 1
drenergic agonist, which may counteract the decrease in systemic vascular resistance induced by spinal anesthesia.