الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was conducted to carry out the molecular and epidemiological studies on Yersinia enterocolitica and related species in animals, milk and human in El-Dakahlia province, Egypt. This work was done in the Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University from May 2014 till January 2015, to clarify the role of the animals, and milk in transmitting Yersinia species and to determine its occurrence in man and to molecularly characterize Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from animals, milk and man. For this purpose, the following points were investigated. 1. Occurrence of Yersinia enterocolitica and related species in animal and milk. 2. Occurrence of Yersinia enterocolitica and related species in human. 3 Molecular characterization of Yersinia enterocolitica isolates from animals, milk and man. According, the following measures might be recommended that to reduce and avoid the risk of Yersinia infection : • Application of standard hygienic measures in animals housing and management, including sanitary measures during feeding and drinking of animals, and hygienic disposal of animals waters, cleaning and disinfection of animal farms. • Application of standard sanitary and hygienic measures during milk production, transportation and processing. All milk and milk products should be efficiently heat treated, and the precautions should be taken agent post- heat treatment contamination • Periodical bacteriological screening of milk and feces of dairy animals for Yersinia species • Public health education to veterinarians, farmer, animal owners and dairy workers to avoid the risk of Yersinia infection from domestic animals. • Patients with diarrhea must be monitored for Yersinia enterocolitica and related species in their stools, meantime, these entero-pathogens may be taken into consideration as causative agents of gastroenteritis and pseudo appendicitis in man and stool of food handlers must be screened for Yersinia species. • Efficient hygienic practices should be taken during every step of food preparation, handling and preservation to cut the food chain transmission cycle of Yersinia species. Precaution are advice to avoid fecal contamination of food particularly ready to eat food. Further studies are needed to explain the role of other domestic and pet animals as a reservoir of Yersinia enterocolitica and related species and to determine different serotypes circulated in the regions. Moreover, its necessary to study the effect of climate and weather conditions on the prevalence of Yersinia species.