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Abstract This experiment was carried out at private farm in Fayoum Governorate. The goal of this experiment was to improve the productive performance in Sudani duck by crossing with Peking and Muscovy duck strains. A total number 400 (150 Sudani, 125 Muscovy and 125 Peking) one day old un- sexed duck strains were used. They were reared under similar environmental, managerial and hygienic conditions from one day old to the end of the experiment. The feed and water were supplied ad libtium. The high and low ambient temperatures and relative humidity recorded during the experimental. At 32 wk of age, the Muscovy (M) and Peking males (P) allow to natural mating with Sudani (S) females. The birds were individually weighed weekly. Also, feed consumption and conversion ratio were determined on a weekly basis. At 8 weeks of age, 48 ducks randomly chosen 16 duck from each strain (8 males + 8 females) were randomly chosen for determining cell-mediated immunity (PHA-P). After completion of PHA-P assay, the birds were slaughtered and lymphoid organs (bursa and spleen) were dissected. At the same age, a 3.0 ml blood samples were withdrawn from the Jugular vein. A portion of the blood was used for blood constituent determination. The carcass evaluation was determined at marketing age. The main results could be summarized as follows:1. Parent stock 1.1. Strain effect The Peking duck had significantly higher body weight at 8 weeks of age, body weight gain and growth rate from 0-8 weeks of age compared to Sudani or Muscovy one. There was no significant difference among strains for feed conversion ratio from 0-8 weeks of age. The Peking duck had significantly higher hematocrit level, RBCs and haemoglobuline compared to Muscovy or Sudani duck. The Sudani duck strain had a greater dermal swelling response to Phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) compared to Muscovy or Peking duck strains (at 24 48, and 72 h). The Sudani duck strain exhibited greater bursa and spleen (as a percentage of live body weight) compared to Muscovy or Peking duck strains. The Peking duck strain had significantly higher H/L ratio compared to Sudani and Muscovy duck strains. No significant difference among duck strains for relative either for non-edible or edible meat parts. The Peking duck strain had significantly higher relative giblets compared to Muscovy duck; however the Sudani duck was intermediate. The Muscovy and Sudani duck strain had significantly higher relative breast muscles compared to Peking duck one The Muscovy duck strain had significantly higher relative gizzard fat compared to Peking duck one, however the Sudani duck was intermediate. The Sudani and Muscovy duck had a greater sexual dimorphism for body weight compared to Peking duck. The Sudani duck had a greater sexual dimorphism for edible meat parts compared to Peking duck one, however the Muscovy was intermediate. The fertility was significantly higher in SS (Sudani x Sudani) compared either for PS (Peking x Sudani) while, MS (Muscovy x Sudani) cross was intermediate. Hatchability from all eggs and fertile eggs of SS and MS crosses gave significantly higher values compared to PS ones. 1.2. Sex effect No significant differences observed for hematocrit level, RBCs and haemoglobuline between males and females. No significant differences observed for dermal swelling response to Phytohemagglutinin-P at 24 48, and 72 h (PHA-P) between males and females. Duck males exhibited greater bursa (as a percentage of live body weight) compared to females one. Opposite trend noticed for relative spleen weight. No significant difference between males and females was detected for H/L ratio. No significant difference between males and females for relative non-edible meat parts. Males had significantly higher relative edible meat parts weight compared to females one. Males had significantly higher relative breast muscles weight compared to females one. Females had significantly higher relative gizzard fat weight compared to males. 2. Offspring flock 2.1. MS cross 2.1.1. Cross effect The MS cross had significantly higher body weight at 10 weeks of age, body weight gain and growth rate from 0-10 weeks of age compared to their parents.. The MS cross had significantly higher feed conversion ratio from 2-8 weeks of age compared to their parents. The MS cross had significantly lowest hematocrit level, RBCs and haemoglobuline compared to their parent. The MS cross had a greater dermal swelling response to Phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) at 24 and 48h compared to their parents. The Sudani and MS cross exhibited greater bursa and spleen (as a percentage of live body weight) compared to Muscovy duck. The MS cross had significantly higher H/L ratio compared to their parents. No significant difference among MS cross and their parents for relative edible and non-edible meat parts. The MS cross had significantly higher relative giblets weight compared to Muscovy duck; however the Sudani duck was intermediate. Muscovy and Sudani duck strain had significantly higher relative breast muscles compared to MS cross. The MS cross had significantly higher relative gizzard fat compared to Sudani duck one, however the Muscovy duck was intermediate. No significant differences observed for sexual dimorphism of body weight among MS cross and their parents. The Sudani duck had a greater sexual dimorphism for edible meat parts compared to Muscovy or MS cross. 2.1.2. Sex effect Duck Males had significantly higher hematocrit level compared to females. Males had a greater at 48, and 72 h dermal swelling response to Phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) compared to females one. Duck Males exhibited greater bursa (as a percentage of live body weight) compared to females one. Opposite trend noticed for relative spleen weight. Duck Males had significantly higher H/L ratio compared to females one. Males had significantly higher relative edible meat parts compared to females one. Males had significantly higher relative breast muscles compared to females one Females had significantly higher relative gizzard fat weight compared to males. 2.2. PS cross The PS cross had significantly higher body weight at 8 weeks of age, body weight gain and growth rate from 0-8 weeks of age compared to their parents. The PS cross had significantly higher feed conversion ratio from 2- 4 and 6-8 weeks of age compared to Sudani and Peking duck strains. The PS cross had significantly lowest hematocrit level, RBCs and haemoglobuline compared to their parent. The PS cross had a greater dermal swelling response to Phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) at 24 48 and 72 h compared to their parents. The Sudani and PS cross exhibited greater bursa (as a percentage of live body weight) compared to Peking duck. Relative spleen weight of Sudani strain had significantly higher than Peking and PS cross one. The Sudani and PS cross had significantly lowest H/L ratio compared to Peking duck. The Peking duck had significantly higher non-edible meat parts compared to PS cross, however the Sudani duck was intermediate. The Peking duck had significantly higher relative giblets compared to Sudani or PS cross. The PS cross had significantly higher relative edible meat parts weight compared to their parents. The Sudani and PS cross had significantly higher relative breast muscles compared to Peking one. No significant different among PS cross and their parents for relative gizzard fat and abdominal fat weight. 3. Heterosis 3.1. MS cross 3.1.1. Cross effect Positive heterosis noticed for body weight at all ages except at marketing age it was negative. Negative heterosis for HCT, RBCs and thrombocytes were detected. The MS recorded high positive h heterosis for CMI response (53.25, 43.30 and 93.7 % at 24, 48 and 72h post injection, respectively). The MS cross recorded positive heterosis for relative weight of bursa and spleen. The MS cross recorded positive heterosis for H/L ratio. The MS cross recorded negative heterosis for edible meat parts, major, minor, breast muscles skin, neck and wings. The MS cross recorded positive heterosis for relative weight of giblets, thigh, drumstick, gizzard fat and abdominal fat. Both Males and females recorded Negative heterosis for HCT, RBCs and thrombocytes. Both Males and females recorded positive heterosis for CMI response, at 24, 48 and 72h post. Males had positive heterosis for relative weight of bursa (10.14%), while the females had negative heterosis (-2.22%), however the females had higher positive heterosis for spleen (33.30%) compared to that of males (12.54%). Both males and females were positive heterosis for H/L ratio, the male had high positive heterosis for H/L ratio (70.49%) compared to female (21.79%). Both males and females were positive heterosis for giblets (20.96%) and (9.54%) for males and females respectively. Both males and females were negative heterosis for edible meat parts (-2.65%) and (-0.89%) for males and females respectively. Both males and females were negative heterosis for breast muscles (-43.94%) and (-10.71%) for males and females respectively. Males had positive hetrosis for relative weight of drumstick (26.67%), while the females had negative heterosis (-18.83%), Both males and females were positive hetrosis for thigh, gizzard fat, abdominal fat and skin, however negative heterosis noticed for neck and wings in both males and females. Positive heterosis noticed for body weight at all ages. With respect to growth rate, the heterosis had positive effect at all ages except from 2-3 and 7-8 weeks of age. Negative heterosis for HCT and RBCs was observed, however, there was positive heterosis for thrombocytes PS recorded Positive heterosis for CMI response (22. 05, 29.02 and 4.63% at 24, 48 and 72h post injection, respectively). The PS cross recorded positive heterosis for bursa and spleen. The PS cross recorded negative heterosis for H/L ratio. The PS cross recorded positive heterosis for edible meat parts, major, minor, breast muscles and wings. The PS cross recorded negative heterosis for giblets, thigh, drumstick, gizzard fat, abdominal fat, skin and neck Conclusion 1- The MS and PS crosse showed an improvement for growth performance compared to Sudani one, however the crosses had higher immunity and low mortality and defects rates when compared either for Peking or Muscovy duck strain. 2- The PS cross carcass had lowest fat compared to Peking strain. 3- The MS cross can keep cross to parents by back cross to continue improve the growth performance. 4- The PS cross exhibited a higher figure in growth performance, immune response and some carcass traits, when compared to MS cross. So it can be used as a commercial hybrid. On the other hand, the MS cross unsterile birds can be improved for several generations through crossing with their parents. |